Community Health & Social Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Community Health & Social Care - Essay Example On the other hand, 15.1% of children in Scotland were obese, and 31.1% were overweight in the year 2008 (Acton 2011, p. 7). In 2007/2008, it is estimated that persons affected by obesity in Scotland consumed a national budget of more than 457 Euros. As a result of the increasing incidences of obesity and overweight cases, the cost is predicted to increase further to an estimate of 0.9-3 billion Euros by 2030. These statistics provided fact based evidence to the Scottish government prompting it to declare obesity an epidemic. Following this declaration, a lot has been done by the Scottish government and stakeholders in the health sector to combat the obesity epidemic. Government and local authority initiatives include the establishment of key policies and guidelines focusing on creating a population made of persons with normal BMI (Donnelley 2010, p. 5). In any country, a healthy population is vital for the purpose of attaining a flourishing economy. Countries with large populations o f people suffering from chronic medical conditions are likely to have a slow economic growth. The Scottish government has pointed out that obesity and overweight pose a real risk to the wellbeing of its population and the entire economy. Therefore, attainment of a sustainable economy in Scotland faces serious challenges in the future due to the rising incidences of obesity (Noya & Clarence 2009, p. 47). ... Obesity reduces the quality of a person’s life and makes a person vulnerable to a lot of serious medical complications. Persons suffering from obesity are highly vulnerable to medical complications such as osteoarthritis, high blood pressure, diabetes, heart diseases and certain cancers. With such medical complications within a society, health facilities experience a serious strain as well as high mortality rates (Andersen 2003, p. 18). The World Health Organisation points out that the number of people who are obese is higher than the number of overweight people across the world. Drastic change in lifestyle is the main contributing factor to this phenomenon, where many people have tuned to sedentary lifestyles. This lifestyle does not demand a lot physically. In today’s modern world, majority of people are using personal cars, washing machines, lifts and computers, making them less physically active most of the time. Leisure times such as watching TV while eating foods that have high calorie levels increases further a person’s risk of being obese (Ostman & Britton 2008, p. 71). The environment we are living in is playing a key role in encouraging people to eat more and do less exercise. Therefore, the global obesity epidemic is influenced by environmental or social factors. Examples of such environments prevail when food manufacturers encourage people to take energy dense drinks and snacks through advertisements on TVs. The two main ways through which the occurrence of obesity can be reduced are through improving diet and engaging in a lot of physical activities. In Scotland, similar issues are evident as the main causes of the obesity epidemic in the country (Gard 2010, p. 37).

Adopt Intelligence Community analytic, sourcing, and evaluation Essay

Adopt Intelligence Community analytic, sourcing, and evaluation standards - Essay Example The September 9/11 attacks on America served as an impetus for the inclusion of this initiative in the 100 day action plan. This is because the American intelligence system was unable to communicate effectively in piecing up clues and leads that could prove crucial in stopping the hijacking of the planes, and hence stopping the attacks1.The reason of this failure by the intelligence community emanated from inefficient mechanism put in place for sharing intelligence information collected by different security organizations. There was also a gap in the domestic intelligence community of the state, and this ignited a debate on the need and importance of changing and improving the intelligence capabilities of the nation. There was a call from various stakeholders of the country’s security system, and members of the US senate and congress on the need to reform the way security organizations of the state shared information. On this basis, the attacks of the September 11 contributed significantly to the re-organization of the American intelligence community, and the development of Initiative 2 is part of the re-organization. The main purpose of this re-organization was to reduce the gaps in collecting domestic intelligence. The Federal government did this by creating several security organizations such as the Directorate of National Intelligence, and the Department of Homeland Security. By creating these organizations, the main aim of the reforms was to improve the manner in which intelligence information was gathered, and shared amongst American security organizations2. In initiative 2, its main objective is to develop strategies that will strengthen the collection of intelligent information, analyze it, and there after disseminate information to the relevant stakeholders for action. By doing this, the Federal government hoped that it will reduce the domestic

Altruism

Altruism Altruism occurs when one individual, while helping others, selflessly incurs a danger to themselves decreasing their chances of survival Sherman (1977). Two theories develop from altruism, kin selection theory and the theory of reciprocal altruism. Kin selection theory of altruism argues that altruism was developed to increase the survival of relatives Hamilton (1964) and that acts of altruism should be directed towards family rather than non-relatives. (Trivers, 1971; Cosmides Tooby 1992) argued that the theory of reciprocal altruism is infact long-term cooperation and the assistance that is given at the time will be reciprocated another time in the future. Therefore, it is necessary to remember who has helped them before and not offer any assistance to those who have failed to reciprocate. For this theory to be successful it also requires a somewhat stable group as short term, migrating members may not be able to upkeep the promise to perform the required act at a later date. The theories of kin selection and reciprocity, although seemingly different are not incompatible. Sadly, altruism does not always happen. Environmental factors play a very large part in whether an individual will engage in acts of altruism. Socialization, modelling and reinforcement play a key role in promoting pro-social behaviour and attitudes Eisenberg Mussen (1989); Janoski et al. (1998). When children are exposed to models of kindness and helping, be it from television or from others around them, they are more likely to put the welfare of humans and other animals above their own Sprafkin et al (1975). Television programmes that show these acts influence a strong positive effect on the viewers pro-social behaviour Hearold (1986). The norm of reciprocity and the norm of social responsibility are especially relevant to helping behaviour (De Creamer van Lange, 2001; Miller at al., 1990). The norm of reciprocity that we should return the favour when someone treats you kindly and the norm of social responsibility expects that we should help others and contribute to societys welfare. When we live by these norms we are reinforced with praise and when we do not we feel guilt and receive disapproval. In society we also notice when others receive praise for adhering to these norms. As humans get older, pro social norms, morals and values are internalized and form strong self reinforcements like pride and satisfaction to maintain pro-social behaviour even when positive reinforcement is not available. Studies by Eisenberg Valiente (2002) confirm that socialization matters as children are more likely to act pro-socially when raised by parents who have high moral standard and are warm and supportive encouraging their chi ldren to feel empathy and to â€Å"put themselves in other peoples shoes† (Janssens Dekovic, 1997; Krevans Gibbs, 1996). Beliefs about why and when to help have cross cultural differences such as the study done by Miller (1990) who found that Hindu children and adults in India have the belief that one has a moral obligation to help friends or strangers no matter if the situation is mild or serious. When compared to the Indias Hindus way of thinking, American children and adults differ in their view and feel less obligated to help and regard as more of a choice Eckensberger Zimba (1997). Most pro social acts are done with the expectation of a reward of self reinforcement or a form of reciprocity but humans are capable of committing a selfless act of aiding someone without concern for ones wellbeing, an act of altruism. C. Daniel Batsons empathy altruism hypothesis suggests that altruism does exist and is caused by empathy which is the ability to put oneself in the place of another and to share the emotions being felt by that person (Batson, 1991; Batson et al., 2002). In an experiment conducted by Batson et al (1981) female students empathy for another female who was an accomplice to the experiment was increased and decreased by leading them to identify and believe that her values were similar and dissimilar to their own. The experiment is consistent with the empathy altruism hypothesis showing that high empathy participants were most likely to voluntarily change places but is it people reacting out of pure virtue of empathy or is it to avoid the guilt that may plag ue them for not interfering. The negative state relief model suggests that high empathy cause us to feel distress when we learn of others suffering and by helping them relieve their own stress it reduces their personal stress making their actions non altruistic (Cialdini et al., 1997). The term â€Å"safety in numbers† doesnt translate well in emergencies and help the victim as the more people present encourages each person not to help because of social comparison or diffusion of responsibility and is more likely to occur when the bystanders are strangers and not kin or friends of the victim Latanà © Rodin (1969). Factors that explain why people may be helpful in some situations but not others. We are more likely to help when we are in a good mood (Salovey et al., 1991). Pre-exisiting guilt when were feeling guilty about something weve recently done increases helping Regan et al (1972). Even though feeling guilt and being helpful are two different actions guilt helps increase our likelihood of assisting others. Also when there is a model to follow such as someone helping a motorist or giving blood, this act increases social behaviour (Sarason et al., 1991). When we are not under pressure, have extra time and not in a hurry we help more. Factors that show why some people may receive help more than others: Similarity A person is more likely to help and identify with the victims situation when the victim things similar to them such as dress, attitudes and nationality (Dovidio, 1984). Gender Women and men are equally likely to be helped by female bystanders but women are more likely to receive help more than men when aid is from a male bystander (Eagly Crowley, 1986). Perceived Responsibility When someone is in need of help and their situation is viewed as something caused by factors beyond their control, they are more likely to receive help such as people who have been affected by a natural disaster versus homeless people who are perceived to be unwilling to work (Blader Tyler, 2002; Weiner, 1996). Lerner (1980)s just world hypothesis suggests that people believe that the world is a just place and the rule of karma prevails. They perceive that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get. These beliefs have the effect on some to conclude that persons who have misfortunes such as being raped or contracting AIDS deserve their fate (Ford et al., 1998; Wyer et al., 1985) thereby justifying why they shouldnt help the individual as there is no responsibility to help. A way to increase Pro-social Behaviour is through â€Å"mandatory volunteerism† which is used in the academic and corporate world. Participants increased volunteerism in later life from these acts are not consistent as seen in research done by (Janoski et al., 1998;Stukas, 1999). Their research show that the outcome depends on personal rewards that the volunteers will receive and the awareness of human needs. A second approach which is consistent to the social learning theory is the exposure of pro social models to people. This is used to promote blood drives and increase donations (Sarason et al., 1991). When feelings of empathy are established and people are properly socialized will increase the chances of those people helping others Eisenberg (2000) as well as those who feel a close connection to their communities will feel socially responsible to help others Clark, M (1978). If society is educated and exposed to helping models and information, bystander intervention may be decreased and the tendency to help others in an emergency, increased Beaman, A.L. et al (1978).

National Tv Turn-off Week: A Dumb Idea :: essays research papers

National TV Turn-Off Week: A Dumb Idea   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a time when millions of people are starving each year and thousands are killed in war zones, worrying about how much television we watch sounds like a stupid idea. Right? Well, that's what people all across North America are doing every day. In fact, there is a full week dedicated to the cause: National T.V-Turnoff Week.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  National T.V-Turnoff week is nothing more then a cry for attention by the middle class. The lower classes have their problems: starvation, health, shelter. You know, no big deal. But what of the middle class? They have no problems. They have a house, a job, usually a loving family. What don't they have? What they don't have is something to worry about. So, along comes Linda Weltner and National T.V-Turnoff Week. Problem solved. The middle class now has something to worry about.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For years people have been watching television and no complaints have been made. No complaints about the endless information that comes from television. No complaints about the hours of entertainment that television has brought to people for years. But now people complain that we, as a people, are watching too much T.V. They would have you believe that we could be doing better things with our lives. They would have you believe that we can make more out of ourselves. But what do they know? Have they ever done any research to prove their theories? No, they haven't. But the people behind such propaganda as National T.V-Turnoff Week really do believe that not watching television can enhance your life, so let us examine their reasoning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Linda Weltner suggests that instead of watching television one can take up a craft such a knitting. Sure knitting is a good hobby. Entertaining, enjoyable, it might even relieve stress. But when it comes down to it what do you really get out of knitting that you wouldn't get out of watching television? A sweater, maybe? Sure, you might just knit a sweater that you could wear on the odd occasion, but is that worth the price of not being in touch with the world? Not to the average person in this world and time. In this age of beepers, cell- phones, and the Internet, being out of touch for just a minute could change your life drastically. And, besides, why can't you watch television while you knit?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As for the people that say television warps a young mind, I have a personal beef against that reasoning. Coming over to Canada as a little immigrant child, not speaking a word of English, I was outcast by society.

Ptlls Reflection 2

PTLLS Assignments Reflection 2 Strategies for effective teaching Within my role of teaching on the level one incident command course, I use a variety of teaching strategies to hopefully cover as many learners’ needs as possible. Even though the course is assessable, the emphasis is very much on gaining an understanding of the command principles, rather than just knowing the right answers.There are a number of reasons for the need of variety: * We have no knowledge of the student’s prior learning before they arrive, and the course is only one week long, therefore there is insufficient time to analyse individual learning styles. * different methods are appropriate for different areas of knowledge * Initially we use a more deductive learning approach, by providing a theory input session outlining the incident command approaches we want them to adopt. * We then undertake a classroom based scenario, where the students can practice the new skills. However when we go onto the fireground and undertake real life scenarios, we use a more Inductive learning approach, by utilising students as observers, the intent is for the students to recognise the command principles being put into place by another student. * This is then re-affirmed in immediate feedback between the students and the teaching staff. * Students have different learning preferences i. e. some are more visual learners, some like working in groups, some prefer the written word etc. Throughout the course we are aware that the theory input can be dry, and the same teaching style will cause even the keenest student to lose interest, so we have split the information into three distinct sections and rotate the teaching staff to try and keep the students attention throughout. Due to the nature of the role we are developing the students into, the most effective learning activities are those that require students to process information rather than transfer information or answer questions without underst anding.Hence we spend the majority of the week undertaking practical exercises. As such learning strategies such as Bloom’s Taxonomy may not be applicable to all the students on the course. David Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory fits better, as we find the students tend to fall into one or more learning style, and the practical based learning environment that we have is conductive to all students. Kolb defines student learning into the following categories; 1. Converger; 2. Diverger; 3. Assimilator; 4. AccommodatorConverger’s are good at making practical applications of ideas and using deductive reasoning to solve problems Diverge’rs are imaginative and are good at coming up with ideas and seeing things from different perspectives Assimilators are capable of creating theoretical models by means of inductive reasoning Accommodator’s are good at actively engaging with the world and actually doing things instead of merely reading about and studying them Students learn best when they actively participate in the learning process, when they are engaged and motivated to learn, and when they can build on their existing knowledge and understanding.By using a teaching approach based upon The Honey & Mumford model we can cover the majority of learners needs. We apply Honey and Mumford stages in the following ways: 1. Having an experience – The practical scenarios 2. Reviewing the experience – Immediate debrief and feedback 3. Concluding from the experience – Reflective Review of the experience by the student 4.Planning the next steps – Development report for the student To be an efficient, effective teacher, you need to know what your students are learning, as well as what they are struggling with. Assessing their learning, early and often, allows you to attend to any difficulties, or any misconceptions, as soon as they arise, before they become barriers to future learning.

Disrespecting an Nco

Why I should not disrespect an NCO and the consequences I am writing this essay because I disrespected a non commissioned officer. I do apologize for what I did and have said. I have learned from my mistake and I see why I am to do this essay and that is to show that disrespecting a non commissioned officer will not be tolerated and two give clear understanding of the impact that disrespecting a Non Commissioned officer has on others.For many reasons the Non Commissioned Officers keep the moral up and motivate soldiers and encourage them to do their very best and showing disrespect to the NCO’s not only lowers moral, it also makes it to where the NCO thinks less of the person and lowers the person’s creditability. There is a possibility of Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) actions taken against the soldier. With the UCMJ the soldier could lose rank, lose pay, have to pull extra duty, getting    discharged, or even getting jail time depending on how bad or sever the violation is.It could also cause the soldier not to have a chance to exceed or grow as a soldier or a leader such as go to schools, warrior leader’s course, or even the promotion board. If the disrespect is by jumping the chain of command or the NCO support channel then it would get others in conflict. Non Commissioned Officers are literately the backbone of the military even as it says in the NCO creed. The NCO’s do countless jobs that are not totally acknowledged.Sometimes non commissioned officers help soldiers in many ways and sometimes do not require acknowledgement except to see the soldier strive to success. But the influence of disrespecting NCO’s and the consequences is something everyone should be aware of. For many reasons the Non Commissioned Officers keep the moral up and motivate soldiers and encourage them to do their very best and showing disrespect to the NCO’s not only lowers moral, it also makes it to where the NCO thinks less of th e person and lowers the person’s creditability.There is a possibility of Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) actions taken against the soldier. With the UCMJ the soldier could lose rank, lose pay, have to pull extra duty, getting    discharged, or even getting jail time depending on how bad or sever the violation is. It could also cause the soldier not to have a chance to exceed or grow as a soldier or a leader such as go to schools, arrior leader’s course, or even the promotion board. If the disrespect is by jumping the chain of command or the NCO support channel then it would get others in conflict and that could possibly be disrespectful to an NCO. In closing, If you want to be treated with respect by your non commissioned officer you should always watch what you say and how you say it and be mindful of your actions cause it could land you in hot water.

Battle of Nashville - Civil War

Battle of Nashville - Civil War Battle of Nashville - Conflict Dates: The Battle of Nashville was fought December 15-16, 1864, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders: Union Major General George H. Thomas55,000 men Confederates General John Bell Hood31,000 men Battle of Nashville - Background: Though badly defeated at the Battle of Franklin, Confederate General John Bell Hood continued pressing north through Tennessee in early December 1864 with the goal of attacking Nashville. Arriving outside the city on December 2 with his Army of Tennessee, Hood assumed a defensive position to the south as he lacked the manpower to assault Nashville directly. It was his hope that Major General George H. Thomas, commanding Union forces in the city, would attack him and be repulsed. In the wake of this fighting, Hood intended to launch a counterattack and take the city. Within the fortifications of Nashville, Thomas possessed a large force which had been pulled from several different areas and had not fought together previously as an army. Among these were Major General John Schofields men who had been dispatched to reinforce Thomas by Major General William T. Sherman and Major General A.J. Smiths XVI Corps which had been transferred from Missouri. Meticulously planning his attack on Hood, Thomas plans were further delayed by severe winter weather which descended on Middle Tennessee. Due to Thomas cautious planning and the weather, it was two weeks before his offensive moved forward. During this time, he was constantly beset by messages from President Abraham Lincoln and Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant imploring him to take decisive action. Lincoln commented that he feared that Thomas had become a do nothing type along the lines of Major General George B. McClellan. Angered, Grant dispatched Major General John Logan on December 13 with orders to relieve Thomas if the attack had not commenced by the time he arrived in Nashville. The Battle of Nashville - Crushing an Army: While Thomas planned, Hood elected to dispatch Major General Nathan Bedford Forrests cavalry to attack the Union garrison at Murfreesboro. Leaving on December 5, Forrests departure further weakened Hoods smaller force and deprived him much of his scouting force. With the weather clearing on December 14, Thomas announced to his commanders that the offensive would commence the next day. His plan called for Major General James B. Steedmans division to attack the Confederate right. The goal of Steedmans advance was to pin Hood in place while the main assault came against the Confederate left. Here Thomas had massed Smiths XVI Corps, Brigadier General Thomas Woods IV Corps, and a dismounted cavalry brigade under Brigadier General Edward Hatch. Supported by Schofields XXIII Corps and screened by Major General James H. Wilsons cavalry, this force was to envelop and crush Lieutenant General Alexander Stewarts corps on Hoods left. Advancing around 6:00 AM, Steedmans men succeeded in holding Major General Benjamin Cheathams corps in place. While Steedmans attack was going forward, the main assault force advanced out of the city. Around noon, Woods men began striking the Confederate line along the Hillsboro Pike. Realizing that his left was under threat, Hood began shifting troops from Lieutenant General Stephen Lees corps in this center to reinforce Stewart. Pushing forward, Woods men captured Montgomery Hill and a salient emerged in Stewarts line. Observing this, Thomas ordered his men to assault the salient. Overwhelming the Confederate defenders around 1:30 PM, they shattered Stewarts line, forcing his men to start retreating back towards the Granny White Pike (Map). His position collapsing, Hood had no choice but to withdraw along his entire front. Falling back his men established a new position further south anchored on Shys and Overtons Hills and covering his lines of retreat. To reinforce his battered left, he shifted Cheathams men to that area, and placed Lee on the right and Stewart in the center. Digging in through the night, the Confederates prepared for the coming Union attack. Moving methodically, Thomas took most of the morning of December 16 to form his men to assault Hoods new position. Placing Wood and Steedman on the Union left, they were to attack Overtons Hill, while Schofields men would assault Cheathams forces on the right at Shys Hill. Moving forward, Wood and Steedmans men were initially repulsed by heavy enemy fire. At the opposite end of the line, Union forces faired better as Schofields men attacked and Wilsons cavalry worked around behind the Confederate defenses. Under attack from three sides, Cheathams men began to break around 4:00 PM. As the Confederate left began fleeing the field, Wood resumed attacks on Overtons Hill and succeeded in taking the position. Battle of Nashville - Aftermath: His line crumbling, Hood ordered a general retreat south towards Franklin. Pursued by Wilsons cavalry, the Confederates re-crossed the Tennessee River on December 25 and continued south until reaching Tupelo, MS. Union losses in the fighting at Nashville numbered 387 killed, 2,558 wounded, and 112 captured/missing, while Hood lost around 1,500 killed and wounded as well as around 4,500 captured/missing. The defeat at Nashville effectively destroyed the Army of Tennessee as a fighting force and Hood resigned his command on January 13, 1865. The victory secured Tennessee for the Union and ended the threat to Shermans rear as he advanced across Georgia. Selected Sources Battle of NashvilleBattle of Nashville Preservation SocietyHistory of War: Battle of Nashville

William Sturgeon, Inventor of the Electromagnet

William Sturgeon, Inventor of the Electromagnet An electromagnet is a device in which a magnetic field is produced by an electric current.   British electrical engineer William Sturgeon, a former soldier who began to dabble in the sciences at the age 37, invented the electromagnet in 1825. Sturgeon’s device came a mere five years after a Danish scientist discovered that electricity emitted magnetic waves. Sturgeon harnessed this idea and conclusively demonstrated that the stronger the electric current, the stronger the magnetic force.   Invention of the First Electromagnet The first electromagnet he built was a horseshoe-shaped piece of iron that was wrapped with a loosely wound coil of several turns. When a current was passed through the coil the electromagnet became magnetized, and when the current was stopped, the coil was de-magnetized. Sturgeon displayed its power by lifting nine pounds with a seven-ounce piece of iron wrapped with wires through which the current of a single cell battery was sent.   Sturgeon could regulate his electromagnet- that is, the magnetic field could be adjusted by adjusting the electrical current. This was the beginning of using electrical energy for making useful and controllable machines and laid the foundations for large-scale electronic communications.   Improvements on Sturgeons Invention Five years later an American inventor named Joseph Henry (1797 to 1878)  made a far more powerful version of the electromagnet. Henry demonstrated the potential of Sturgeons device for long distance communication by sending an electronic current over one mile of wire to activate an electromagnet which caused a bell to strike. Thus the electric telegraph was born.   Sturgeons Later Life After his breakthrough, William Sturgeon taught, lectured, wrote and continued experimenting. By 1832, he had built an electric motor and invented the commutator, an integral part of most modern electric motors, that allows the current to be reversed to help create torque. In 1836 he founded the journal â€Å"Annals of Electricity,† kicked off the Electrical Society of London, and invented a suspended coil galvanometer to detect electrical currents.   He moved to Manchester in 1840 to work at the Victoria Gallery of Practical Science. That project failed four years later, and from then on, he made his living lecturing and giving demonstrations. For a man who gave science so much, he apparently earned little in return. In poor health and with little money, he spent his last days in dire circumstances. He died on 4 December 1850 in Manchester.

U.S.-Japanese Foreign Policies Before World War II

U.S.-Japanese Foreign Policies Before World War II On December 7, 1941, nearly 90 years of American-Japanese diplomatic relations spiraled into World War II in the Pacific. That diplomatic collapse is the story of how the foreign policies of the two nations forced each other into war. History U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry opened American trade relations with Japan in 1854. President Theodore Roosevelt brokered a 1905 peace treaty in the Russo-Japanese War that was favorable to Japan, and the two had signed a Commerce and Navigation Treaty in 1911. Japan had also sided with the U.S., Great Britain, and France during World War I. During that time, Japan also embarked on an empire that it modeled greatly after the British Empire. Japan made no secret that it wanted economic control of the Asia-Pacific region. By 1931, however, U.S.-Japanese relations had soured. Japans civilian government, unable to cope with the strains of the global Great Depression, had given way to a militarist government. The new regime was prepared to strengthen Japan by forcibly annexing areas in the Asia-Pacific, and it started with China. Japan Attacks China Also in 1931, the Japanese army launched attacks on Manchuria, quickly subduing it. Japan announced that it had annexed Manchuria and renamed it Manchukuo. The U.S. refused to diplomatically acknowledge the addition of Manchuria to Japan, and Secretary of State Henry Stimson said as much in the so-called Stimson Doctrine. That response, however, was only diplomatic. The U.S. threatened no military or economic retaliation. In truth, the United States did not want to disrupt its lucrative trade with Japan. In addition to a variety of consumer goods, the U.S. supplied resource-poor Japan with most of its scrap iron and steel. Most importantly, it sold Japan 80% of its oil. In a series of naval treaties in the 1920s, the United States and Great Britain had endeavored to limit the size of Japans naval fleet. However, they had made no attempt to cut off Japans supply of oil. When Japan renewed aggression against China, it did so with American oil. In 1937, Japan began a full-blown war with China, attacking near Peking (now Beijing) and Nanking. Japanese troops killed not only Chinese soldiers, but women and children as well. The so-called Rape of Nanking shocked Americans with its disregard for human rights. American Responses In 1935 and 1936, the United States Congress had passed Neutrality Acts to prohibit the U.S. from selling goods to countries at war. The acts were ostensibly to protect the U.S. from falling into another war like World War I. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the acts, although he did not like them because they prohibited the U.S. from helping allies in need. Still, the acts were not active unless Roosevelt invoked them, which he did not do in the case of Japan and China. He favored China in the crisis, and by not invoking the 1936 act he could still shuttle aid to the Chinese. Not until 1939, however, did the United States begin to directly challenge continued Japanese aggression in China. That year the U.S. announced it was pulling out of the 1911 Treaty of Commerce and Navigation with Japan, signaling a coming end to trade with the empire. Japan continued its campaign through China, and in 1940 Roosevelt declared a partial embargo of U.S. shipments of oil, gasoline, and metals to Japan. That move forced Japan to consider drastic options. It had no intention of ceasing its imperial conquests, and it was poised to move into French Indochina. With a total American resource embargo likely, Japanese militarists began looking at the oil fields of the Dutch East Indies as possible replacements for American oil. That presented a military challenge, though, because the American-controlled Philippines and the American Pacific Fleet based at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, were between Japan and the Dutch possessions. In July 1941, the United States completely embargoed resources to Japan, and it froze all Japanese assets in American entities. The American policies forced Japan to the wall. With the approval of Japanese Emperor Hirohito, the Japanese Navy began planning to attack Pearl Harbor, the Philippines, and other bases in the Pacific in early December to open the route to the Dutch East Indies. Ultimatum: The Hull Note The Japanese kept diplomatic lines open with the United States on the off-chance they could negotiate an end to the embargo. Any hope of that vanished on November 26, 1941, when U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull handed Japanese ambassadors in Washington D.C. what has come to be known as the Hull Note. The note said that the only way for the U.S. to remove the resource embargo was for Japan to: Remove all troops from China.Remove all troops from Indochina.End the alliance it had signed with Germany and Italy the previous year. Japan could not accept the conditions. By the time Hull delivered his note to the Japanese diplomats, imperial armadas were already sailing for Hawaii and the Philippines. World War II in the Pacific was only days away.

Write about childhood and adolescence and your classmate sharing their Essay

Write about childhood and adolescence and your classmate sharing their story - Essay Example All those years that I have passed gave me some bitterness because with the passage of time, I lost many people who were close to me. I have heard people saying that the transformation from childhood to teenage or adolescence appears very charming and attractive because as adolescents, people get a chance to enjoy more liberty, empowerment and independence, however, this was not the case with me. My mother was there to take care of me as a single parent, so she appeared more domineering and controlling giving very less liberty to me considering me wrong most of the times. Therefore, turning a teenager was a sad experience for me. I was dislocated, having less confidence and enjoying very little liberty. My mother has good income so she allows getting anything with money, but she is not accommodative as a friend due to which, I really feel that I have nobody close to me to whom I can share everything that I feel. This has dragged me to seclusion and lonesomeness. As a teenager, when I started realizing everything around me, I turned to my raw self for assistance, as there was no loving experienced guidance for me, just strict controlling cautions from my mother. I wanted to have friends with whom I could hang out and have fun, but I was never allowed. I was just allowed to study and that was all. Therefore, I consider my childhood better than my adolescence. One of my classmates shared her experience of turning to adulthood with me. She informed me that as a child, she enjoyed the care of her father and mother who cared for all her siblings along with her. However, when she grew young and got married, she had to undergo extreme pressure from her family. She was supposed to take care of her parents, her siblings and also her children. As a young person, she was under immense pressure and she was very upset. She was not ready to let go of her parents as she regarded them not as her parents, but her children for whom, she

The gender is a key variable in international relations Essay

The gender is a key variable in international relations - Essay Example In this essay, I have discussed gender relations from various perspectives to highlight its position within international relations. The answer to whether gender remains a key variable in international relations studies seems to be contentious. Various issues are discussed here including the interrelations between gender and politics, gender and social norms and gender and industrial changes. Trade, political agenda, and social policies are shaped and controlled not just by a non-gendered approach to international relations but also by including factors of race and gender in developing these approaches. The analysis definitely points to a single all-important factor in the study of gender in international relations, namely the influence of feminism. Feminist and women’s movements have developed in parallel with changes in the study of international relations and have transformed the way social rules and political changes are defined or analyzed. Several aspects of the feminist approach are discussed here including health, scientific management, political inclusion, incarceration, workplace equality, trade relations and women’s human rights. The studies suggest that gender issues have awareness of the discriminatory practice at the workplace, in the classroom, in political scenarios, social meetings and in the wide international contexts. Gender issues have permeated all aspects of society and are subsequently the main variables that define wide social transformations along with race and class. Considering the range of issues that seem to be affected by gender considerations and the tremendous influence of feminism in highlighting a gendered view of social systems, the acknowledged masculinities in social realms seem to have been replaced by a greater realization for women’s rights and gender equality patterns in all aspects of international relations.

Simon Property Group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Simon Property Group - Essay Example People from different ethnic backgrounds are staying in the country. Domestic social environment of the country is very peaceful. Domestic environment related to technology is also very sound and modern in nature. The country sets benchmarks for other countries in the world. The country faces some problems related with corruptions and terrorism. Over all domestic environment of the country is very stable, modern, updated and suitable for investing money and doing business (Elizabeth, 2010). Commercial real estate industry in USA is on the recovery mode. From 2008 to 2010 the industry was severely damaged by global financial crisis. At that point of time graph of the industry was very down. Recently the industry is improving slightly. Traditionally big players in the industry were only focusing towards big cities like Boston, Los Angeles, Chicago, San Francisco, Washington and New York City. Now a day’s big players are shifting their focuses towards small cities also. Over the years the industry has faced lots of ups and downs. Unstable atmosphere was there in the industry. But with the time the industry has able to come back. People are investing into this industry. The industry has reordered an improved growth of 11% in the first quarter of 2014. For last 21 years Simon Property Group is there in the industry. The organization has controversy related to the payment of its CEO. The organization has negative attributes regarding patents. In 2011 the organization faced serious patent problems with North Mobile Tech Embroiled. Carpenter, Bauer and Erdogan has come up with an 8 phase rational decision making theory. According to this theory any decision can be made with the help of eight steps. In the first step of the theory identification of the problem is very much important. In the second step decision making criterion has to be fixed. In the third step all those criterions have to assign with different weigh. According to the theory

Attitudes of nursing towards euthanasia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Attitudes of nursing towards euthanasia - Essay Example This topic is relevant to many as it addresses the truth that euthanasia is a reality for everyone. The widely publicised case of Terri Shiavo in the U.S. caused many to consider their own end-of-life care, should the time ever come, as well as that of their loved ones. The Shiavo case made discussion even more complex by introducing such concepts as passive versus active euthanasia, omission versus commission, and ordinary versus extraordinary means to prolong a patient's life. Many issues surrounding euthanasia are currently being debated, such as its place in traditional monotheistic religious perspectives, as well as futuristic abuses and discriminatory practises. Ultimately, the position that many nurses will find themselves in may be one of conflict, as many current laws regarding euthanasia and assisted suicide are unclear about the participation of nurses. Furthermore, religious nurses will find themselves in a position of having to choose between supporting the patient and adhering to their religious beliefs. Eventually, all nurses will be forced to determine definitively what their position on euthanasia is and whether they will be able to support it ideologically as well as physically. This could possibly mean administering the lethal drugs themselves, which will force many to consider their philosophical position on euthanasia carefully and thoughtfully. Traditional Perspectives In 1997, the state of Oregon in the U.S. passed the Oregon Death with Dignity Act, which legalised physician-assisted suicide (Miller, et al. 2004). In a study published by Palliative Medicine in 2004, questionnaires were mailed out to all of the hospice nurses and social workers in Oregon in 2001 regarding their responses to patients who request assisted suicide or discuss assisted suicide as a possible option in end-of-life care. The researchers received 573 responses and found 306 to be relevant to their study. The researchers asked the nurses and social workers to rate the importance of religion and spirituality in their lives and professions on a scale of 0 to 10, with 0 being "not at all important," and 10 being "very important." Both groups rated spirituality as being very important (Miller, et al. 2004). But while social workers rated the importance of religion at 5, nurses rated its importance at 6.6 (Miller, et al. 2004). The role of religion thusly acts as an influential factor in the approach that many nurses take towards their profession and, subsequently, towards assisted suicide and potential requests. Of the respondents questioned, two-thirds reported having discussed assisted suicide with a patient within the previous year (Miller, et al. 2004). 22% reported being uncomfortable with discussing assisted suicide (Miller, et al. 2004). The researchers found that the nurses who rated the importance of religion highly had a less supportive view of assisted suicide, while nurses who rated religion's importance lower demonstrated a more positive attitude towards assisted suicide (Miller, et al. 2004). Of the nurses who responded to the questionnaire, 13% were Catholic, 1% were Jewish, 28% were Protestant, 28% were Christian Other, and 9% were Other non-Christian (Miller, et al. 2004). To understand religious perspectives of euthanasia, we must first define euthanasia. There are two basic

Criminal Behavior and Crimes against Property Assignment

Criminal Behavior and Crimes against Property - Assignment Example The Bureau of Justice, Criminal Victimization Report (2011) disclosed the relevant statistics pertaining to crimes against property, in general. It was revealed that â€Å"the overall property crime rate, which includes burglary and theft, increased 11% between 2010 and 2011, from 125.4 to 138.7 victimizations per 1,000 households† (Bureau of Justice, 2012, p. 1). The specific type of property crime pertaining to stolen fossils across countries apparently falls under the category: cultural property, art and antiquities which are being governed by the Homeland Security Investigation (U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), n.d.). There were just about 41 cases of cultural heritage repatriations that were specifically enumerated in ICE’s official website since 2003 (U.S. ICE, n.d.), excluding the recently reported stolen property. As emphasized, â€Å"the theft and trafficking of cultural items is a practice that is older than history. What is new about it is how easy it is for cultural pirates to acquire valuable antiquities, artworks and artifacts, fossils, coins or textiles and move them around the globe, swiftly, easily and inexpensively without regard to laws, borders, nationalities or their value to a nation’s heritage† (U.S. ICE, n.d., par. 2). Likewise, it was also noted that â€Å"since 2007, more than 6,600 artifacts have been returned to 24 countries, including paintings from France, Germany, Poland and Austria, 15th to 18th century manuscript from Italy and Peru, as well as cultural artifacts from China, Cambodia and Iraq† (U.S. ICE, 2012, par. 12). From the news article, it was specifically noted that the perpetrator, Eric Prokopi, was acknowledged to be a commercial paleontologist whose job included obtaining â€Å"fossils from around the world, sometimes buying or trading them, and works with museums and major auction houses† (Moynihan, 2012, par. 19). Thus, the stolen fossil was then being auctioned at Heritage Auctions for profit. As noted, the â€Å"dinosaur skeleton sold for more than $1 million† (Moynihan, 2012, par. 2).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Concert Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Concert Review - Essay Example W. J. Duthoit), Hans Christian Andersen Suite Soren Hyldgaard arr. Johan de Meij and Mother Hubbard (John Phillip Sousa). It was an evening meant for the soul to wander into the world of melody and unfettered musical imagination. The performance of this composition has heavy usage of brass and wind instruments. The sound moulded and shaped by the different wind instruments covering different frequency ranges in terms of tonal quality and also covering the musical octave. The performance at a glance was brass instrument orchestration with trumpets, saxophones, clarinets, flutes etc forming the instrumentation of the performance. The performance of the composition was predominantly of Duple Meter, in certain parts varying slightly to a double duple or triple meter (Hal Leonard Corporation 1). A multi instrumental and multi layered composition the performance showcased the dextrous application of a wide variety of brass instruments to create a resonant, soothing and rich output much like a full-fledged orchestra with a complete range of instruments. The flutes and clarinets served as the sustained background of tone supporting the trumpets playing the solo line of the composition. The heavy and simultaneous usage of multiple brass sections, percussion, xylophones and drums make the composition belong to Polyphonic texture. Multiple instruments can be clearly distinguished. The melody of the song is wavelike in nature. The performance reflects the majestic elements of thought put into the composition for example a feeling of heightened excitement and anticipation. A musical work of Rossano Galante brings a feeling of happiness, joy, celebration and mirth. Through the varying intensities of tenor saxophones and baritone trumpets the effect is unparalleled. It introduces a feeling of independence and unrestrained through the legato type application of the brass instruments. The overall composition as

Criminal Behavior and Crimes against Property Assignment

Criminal Behavior and Crimes against Property - Assignment Example The Bureau of Justice, Criminal Victimization Report (2011) disclosed the relevant statistics pertaining to crimes against property, in general. It was revealed that â€Å"the overall property crime rate, which includes burglary and theft, increased 11% between 2010 and 2011, from 125.4 to 138.7 victimizations per 1,000 households† (Bureau of Justice, 2012, p. 1). The specific type of property crime pertaining to stolen fossils across countries apparently falls under the category: cultural property, art and antiquities which are being governed by the Homeland Security Investigation (U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), n.d.). There were just about 41 cases of cultural heritage repatriations that were specifically enumerated in ICE’s official website since 2003 (U.S. ICE, n.d.), excluding the recently reported stolen property. As emphasized, â€Å"the theft and trafficking of cultural items is a practice that is older than history. What is new about it is how easy it is for cultural pirates to acquire valuable antiquities, artworks and artifacts, fossils, coins or textiles and move them around the globe, swiftly, easily and inexpensively without regard to laws, borders, nationalities or their value to a nation’s heritage† (U.S. ICE, n.d., par. 2). Likewise, it was also noted that â€Å"since 2007, more than 6,600 artifacts have been returned to 24 countries, including paintings from France, Germany, Poland and Austria, 15th to 18th century manuscript from Italy and Peru, as well as cultural artifacts from China, Cambodia and Iraq† (U.S. ICE, 2012, par. 12). From the news article, it was specifically noted that the perpetrator, Eric Prokopi, was acknowledged to be a commercial paleontologist whose job included obtaining â€Å"fossils from around the world, sometimes buying or trading them, and works with museums and major auction houses† (Moynihan, 2012, par. 19). Thus, the stolen fossil was then being auctioned at Heritage Auctions for profit. As noted, the â€Å"dinosaur skeleton sold for more than $1 million† (Moynihan, 2012, par. 2).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Olympics Document Based Question Essay Example for Free

Olympics Document Based Question Essay DBQ Essay (Modern Day Olympics 1896 – 2002) War, Nationalism, and money paid by various corporations/countries all shaped the modern day Olympics. War played a major role in shaping the modern day Olympic Games. In document one, Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympic movement, states that the Olympics would serve as a reduction of war because of the worldwide competition between various countries. Coubertin wrote this document to attempt to convince the Athletic Society of France to revive the Olympic Games. In document 3, the autobiography of Arnold Lunn talks about how the Nazis used certain competition to prove to the world that a dictatorship (or Nazism) is better than democracy. The only thing that mattered to the Nazi’s was to win. The Nazi’s had pictured the Olympics as a war where it was the Nazi’s against the world. Document 5 reveals that if Japan wouldn’t have hosted the Olympic Games after the Second World War, they would’ve never gotten what they needed to rise as a world trade power. Ryotaro Azuma wrote this document to recognize the fact that the Olympics had evolved into an event that would ultimately save a country. Nationalism also played a major role in shaping the modern day Olympic Games. Document 2 recognizes the fact that men were too proud to let women represent their country in the Olympics. Document 4 represents nationalism because it shows how proud America would be if they beat the Soviets in any sort of competition during the Olympics. Bob Matthias wrote this document to show us the determination and pride the U.S had to defeat the soviets, and how the Olympics evolved into a competition between just the U.S and the Soviets.

Market and economic analysis of Cadburys

Market and economic analysis of Cadburys Cadbury was formed by a merger in 1969 . Since then the business has expanded into a leading international confectionery and beverages company. Through an active programme of both acquisitions and disposals the company has created a strong portfolio of brands which are sold in almost every country in the world. Cadbury has nearly 54,000 employees and produces Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG). Its products fall into two main categories: Confectionery Beverages. Its portfolio of brands include leading regional and local brands such as Schweppes, Dr Pepper, Orangina, Halls, Trebor, Hollywood, Bournvita, and of course, the Cadbury masterbrand itself. These Products are sold in a range of countries depending on consumer preferences and tastes. The core purpose of Cadbury is working together to create brands people love. It aims to be judged as a company that is among the very best in the business world successful, significant and admired. The company has set five goals to achieve this, one of which relates to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) To be admired as a great company to work for and one that is socially responsible to its communities and consumers across the globe Cadbury plc is a leading global confectionery company with an outstanding portfolio of chocolate, gum and candy brands. It has number one or number two positions in over 20 of the worlds 50 largest confectionery markets. Cadbury also has the largest and most broadly spread emerging markets business of any confectionery company. With origins stretching back nearly 200 years, Cadburys brands include many global, regional and local favourites including Cadbury, Creme Egg, Flake and Green Blacks in chocolate; Trident, Clorets, Dentyne, Hollywood, Bubbaloo and Stimorol in gum; and Halls, Cadbury Eclairs and The Natural Confectionery Company in candy. (Cadbury, 2010). Impact of social welfare and industrial policy initiatives on Cadburys and the wider community The Cadbury Foundation, set up in 1935, is a corporate foundation working under charity commission guidelines, now funded by Kraft Foods.   The Foundation believes, as the Cadbury Brothers did all those years ago, that making a positive difference in our local community is not only good news for the community but also good for business. They want The Cadbury Foundation to make the most impact possible in local communities.   The Foundation therefore focuses its funding on the areas which we think are really important, they reflect the needs of everyday environment: employability, enterprise, the environment, London 2012, and health and welfare.   Doing this means that we can focus our funding and help to make a bigger impact.   The Foundation is managed by the Chair, Neil Makin, a retired Cadbury executive, and six trustees.   They meet three times a year, in the Spring, Summer and Autumn to consider requests for funding . The Cadburys group has a Corporate Community Investment strategy of Creating Value in the Community. This focuses on creating community partnerships that generate real, sustainable added value in: Education and enterprise Health and welfare The environment. EIRIS (Ethical Investment Research Service) survey 2002 commended the company for its carefully structured community involvement programme. CTB is also a member of the Business in the Community Percent Club; CTBs community contribution was around two of its UK pre-tax profits. In 2001 CTB launched its Community You Can Make a Difference programmes to maximise the impact of the business, its employees and community partners. Over 1,500 of the companys 7,000 workforce have been involved so far. Stakeholder expectations Cadbury Schweppes core purpose is Working together to create brands people love. The success of the organisation in meeting this purpose can be measured in terms of the value created for shareholders. However, this success is achievable only if the company respects its commitment to every one of its stakeholders. CTB believes in creating prosperous, educated and socially inclusive communities, not only because this is part of the companys heritage but because it is the right thing to do and makes good business sense. Corporate Community Investment has always been a core part of CTBs business philosophy. It is also something that its stakeholders expect. Stakeholders are the groups and individuals that play a part in an organisation. The external environment Successful businesses seek to create a fit between their line of business, way of operating and external environment. In recent years, there have been attempts to make UK society more inclusive. Groups that used to be treated as outsiders (e.g. disabled people, single parent families, people living in areas of poverty and educational disadvantage) are being brought into the mainstream of social and economic activity. The current UK government is promoting social inclusion and the part that businesses can play in bringing it about. For example, the government has encouraged businesses to work in partnership with government agencies and the local community to: Improve education and training opportunities Support small local businesses Promote housing projects Create employment opportunities through Welfare to Work programme. In the modern world the obligations of business to society have broadened and companies like CTB are building on a heritage of good citizenship in a more strategic way. CTBs community contributions take many forms e.g. cash grants, sponsorship, donations in kind, as well as the time, effort and skills that CTB people put into the communities in which they live and work. Impact of macro-economic policy and the influence of global economy on Cadburys. Here is a terrific example of how a long established business sees an emerging economy not just opportunity for growing sales and profits but also as a centre for production. MY evaluation of the impact of macro-economic policy is Spurred on by rising incomes and consumer demand, Cadburys is hoping to consolidate its dominant position in the Indian chocolate market by encouraging coconut plantations to switch production and establish a much bigger cocoa production capacity in India. The incentives to expand cocoa supply in India are strengthened by the 30% tariff imposed on imports of cocoa into India from countries such as Ghana and the Ivory Coast. The FT reports that Cadburys is hoping to source all of its cocoa beans domestically by 2015 and coconut farmers may hold the key as cocoa seedlings grow alongside coconut palms in southern India and therefore do not require fresh clearing of forests for plantations. The FT article claims that Cadbury controls more than 70 per cent of the chocolate market in India with a presence in 1.2m stores while Nestlà © controls about 25 per cent. It enjoys a dominant position in a market where sales are rising by more than 20 per cent per year. Reinforcing that market dominance is key for Cadburys it has spent heavily on marketing revamped chocolate brands in the Indian market including heavy cricket-related sponsorship but having a domestic supply chain will do more that pure marketing plays to keep their profits rising. Embroiled in what looks likely to be a protracted takeover bid from Kraft, Cadburys has suffered a blow with the news that its share of the UK confectionery market has dipped below 30 per cent for the first time in a while. The Times reports that Cadburys chunk of the chocolate market by value slipped 1.7 per cent to 29.8 per cent last month, the first time that it has fallen below 30 per cent all year. Market share of Mars, its biggest rival, slipped 0.6 per cent in the period. There are signs that aggressive pricing of basic chocolate bars by discount retailers such as Aldi and Lidl is having an effect; so too is the growth of sales for own-brand bars offered by Tesco, Sainsburys and the ongoing battle for customers between Waitrose and Marks and Spencer. Some customers have complained about a 75% rise in the price of a 230g bar of Dairy Milk in the last 12 months. High world cocoa prices have explained some of the price hike but Cadburys tactic of launching a new 100g bar priced a t  £1 had led some to claim that their are deliberately trying to anchor their prices at a higher level to raise profit margins as a defence against the takeover bid. The decline in market share suggests that chocoholics are more price sensitive than Cadburys might have forecast. More than 3,000 Cadbury employees face a three-year pay freeze unless they opt out of the confectioners final salary pension scheme. New owners Kraft Foods, the US food group, has told 3,600 staff that they must accept a pay cap after it discovered an obscure clause in Cadburys pension trust deed that makes it almost impossible to close the scheme. Kraft did not know about the clause, which is at least 30 years old, until after it acquired Cadbury for  £11.6bn ($17.6bn). A person with knowledge of the Cadbury pension fund said he did not know why such an unusual clause existed, but it could be linked to Cadburys Quaker heritage and its doctrine of giving a fair deal to staff and suppliers. Kraft is forcing employees to accept a pay freeze because it believes this is the only way it can get its future retirement costs under control. The scheme is unaffordable going forward, said one person involved Kraft came under fire from British workers over its broken promise to save from closure the Somerdale factory in Keynsham, Bristol, thereby safeguarding 400 jobs Reader M.P., a retired money manger who ran a top-rated fund noted: So Kraft did not do due diligence and now it wants to play dirty. Is it any wonder that American finance is now despised everywhere, even in the U.K! Yves here. So welcome to 21st century capitalism, where management never has to admit, much the less bear the consequences of its errors. Just take it out of the hide of the little guy. My evaluation of the influence of the global economy isThe takeover battle for Cadbury is all but lost, but the political battle may have only just begun. The sight of one of the most famous names in British industry falling to a hostile foreign bid would be controversial at the best of times, yet just months before a general election, the triumph of City short-termism over the job prospects of thousands of manufacturing workers could prove even more toxic than the recent furore over bank bonuses. To make matters worse, the government has already conceded there is little industrial logic behind Krafts bid: all about making a fast buck is how Peter Mandelson dismissed the original approach. The public intervention of the trade secretary marked a major shift in New Labour thinking towards the openness of the British economy, which has hitherto been held up as one our strengths. But with unemployment rising, and British companies blocked from making foreign acquisitions, it has become harder and harder to defend the tendency of British institutional investors to cut and run at the first opportunity. The Tories, who have been suspiciously quiet on the subject, will find it difficult to sit on the fence during an election campaign fought across the dozens of marginal seats in Cadburys West Midlands heartland. A chocolate manufacturer might seem an odd choice of battleground. Though it employs some 6,000 people in the UK (45,000 people globally and many more indirectly) this is no high-tech industry of the future. But politicians of all persuasions are beginning to question the cumulative affect of Britains relatively open market in corporate control. My own estimate is that around 50 leading companies (of a size to qualify for entry to the FTSE-100) have been swallowed up in recent years. In contrast, I can only think of handful of really large acquisitions made by British multinationals: BPs takeovers of Amoco and Atlantic Richfield, Vodafones bids for Mannesman and Airtouch and the distastrous Royal Bank of Scotland purchase of ABN Amro. By any international standards, the roll call of British names to lose their independence is stunning. In fact, its worth reading the rough and ready list I complied in full to see just how many household names have gone The mission and values statement for Cadburys Cadburys means quality, this is our promise .our reputation is built upon quality , our commitment to continual improvement will insure that our promise is delivered Social responsible A case could be made that shareholders will have a different view of social responsibility to employees in a business. The employees seek better pay and conditions, and opportunities for personal development and a career ladder. The shareholders seek increases in share prices and good levels of dividend. However, the two are really interlinked. A company that provides good working conditions and values its employees will benefit from committed, hard working employees who enhance long term profits. Cadbury Schweppes takes its corporate social responsibility agenda seriously. As such it is a member of organisations like Business in the Community, International Business Leaders Forum and the Institute of Business Ethics. These organisations seek to improve the impact companies have on society. A key part of the Cadbury Schweppes approach to business lies in its ethical behaviour and close relationship with its stakeholder groups. As a company it believes that: Respecting human rights and trading ethically is fundamental to the way we work, not just within our owned and operated businesses but also in how we interact with our wider value chain.* In Our Business Principles Cadbury Schweppes continues: We believe that good ethics and good business go together naturally, to produce the best long term results for all our stakeholders. The original Cadbury company was heavily influenced by the Quaker values of the Cadbury family who started the chocolate business over 150 years ago. The Quakers promote justice, equality and social reform. The legacy of these ideals informs Cadburys culture today and unites its many businesses around the world who uphold this heritage and act in an ethical manner. From the outset, Cadbury treated employees with respect and cared for their welfare. The companys site at Bournville, near Birmingham, has always been more than just a factory having extensive amenities such as housing, sports facilities and parks all being part of the original complex Owners Kraft is the main shareholder of Cadbury, U.S. food giant Kraft today won its five-month battle for control of Cadbury after shareholders backed its takeover offer. The vote paves the way for Kraft to snap up Cadbury ending its 186-year history as an independent company. Krafts cash-and-shares deal, recommended by the Cadbury board two weeks ago, values the UK firm at around  £11.4billion. Krafts announcement came after one of its key shareholders revealed it had voted against the firms plans to sell new shares to help fund the proposed Cadbury takeover However, Hathaway, which owns 9.4% of Kraft, said it might change its vote if the final bid does not destroy value for Kraft shareholders. BBC business editor Robert Peston said that, as a result, Krafts plans to buy Cadbury were now in jeopard Products Cadbury chocolate Cadbury Creme Egg Twisted Bar Cadbury Double Decker Curly Wurly Cadbury Dairy Milk Freddo   Cadbury Boost Bournville Creme Egg Caramilk Crispy Crunch Crunchie Dairy Milk Fingers Flake Fudge Mini Eggs Picnic Roses Shots Snack Star Bar Former Brands Aztec (UK) Animals Country Style (UK) Crave (Australia) Creme Egg Mint (UK) Dairy Milk Almond Honey Dairy Milk Orange Chips Dairy Milk with Shortcake Biscuit Dairy Milk with Creme Egg Dairy Milk Crispies Dairy Milk Wafer Double Decker with Nuts Dream with Strawberry Frys Chocolate Chocolate Cream dark chocolate with fondant centre Peppermint Cream Orange Cream Five Centres (no longer in production) Turkish Delight Green Blacks Green Blacks is range of upscale organic and Fair trade chocolate. The Maya Gold variety was the first UK product to be awarded Fairtrade certification in 1994. Green Blacks also produces a range of ice cream, biscuits, and hot chocolate. Milk White Maya Gold dark chocolate with orange and spices Almond Raisin Hazelnut Hazelnut Currant Mint Caramel Cherry Ginger Butterscotch Hazelnut, Almond Brazil Espresso dark chocolate with coffee flavour Dark Almond Sweets Bassetts Liquorice allsorts Fruit Allsorts Desert Allsorts Sports Mixture Jelly Babies Milky Babies Fruity Babies Party Babies Sherbet Lemons Fruit Bonbons Lemon Bonbons Pear Drops Dolly mixture Sweetshop Favourites Assorted Toffees Murray Mints Mint Creams Mint Favourites Imperials Imperials Spearmint Everton Mints Animal Mix Snakes Sour Squirms Sour Squirms Maynards Sours Midget Gems Fuzzy Peach Fruit Gums Wine Gums Swedish Berries Mints and chewing gum Trebor Mints Extra Strong Mints Extra Cool Mints Spearmints Softmints Softmints Peppermint Softfruits Softmints Ice (Pakistan) Mini Mints 24-7 Trident Trident Soft Peppermint Spearmint Tropical Twist Strawberry Smoothie Trident Splash Strawberry and Lime Vanilla and Mint Raspberry and Peach Apple and Apricot Citrus and Blackberry Trident Fresh Oooh Peppermint Aahh Spearmint Coool Lemon Trident Sweet Kicks Mint with Chocolate Hollywood Chewing Gum Original Style Sphere 2 Fresh Sweet Gum Cadbury Adams Cadbury Adams products. Miscellaneous Beverages Bournvita Cocoa Orange Crush (Canada) Cool Ridge spring water (Australia) Export Cola (Australia) Highlights low calorie hot chocolate Highlights Chocolate Highlights Dark Chocolate Highlights Mint Highlights Orange Highlights Fudge Highlights Toffee Highlights Cafà © Latte Highlights Espresso Drinking Chocolate hot chocolate powder Instant Hot Chocolate Passiona (Australia) Spring Valley Juice (Australia) Solo (Australia) Baking Bournville Cocoa Cooking Chocolate Milk Cooking Chocolate Dark Cooking Chocolate Minis Buttons Minis Curls Minis Sprinkles Minis Others Bytes (India) Cadbury Dairy Milk Ice Cream Chocolate chip ice cream Cake Bars Cake Bars Milk Chocolate Cake Bars Fruit Nut Cake Bars Caramel Cake Bars Mint Crisp Cake Bars Orange Crisp Cake Bars Strawberry Jam Chocolate Gateau Chocolate Tart Milk Chocolate Spread (Produced under licence by Premier Foods) Mini Rolls Mini Rolls Milk Chocolate Mini Rolls Caramel Mini Rolls Strawberry Vichy Pastilles (Cadbury France) Employees the last time this was recorded in 2008 it was 71,657 Cadbury is more than a business, it is a British institution with worldwide reach and employees across 60 countries.   So whilst the investors, shareholders and foreign competitors savour the chance to make a quick buck, spare a thought for the 45,000 Cadbury employees who have many more months of uncertainty ahead of them. Stakeholders analysis by Mendelows Matrix for Cadburys Following categorisation of stakeholders in a manufacturing company: Low + Low : Small customers, Small Shareholders High + Low: Major Customers, Central Govt, Media Low + High: Employees, Environmental Groups, Local Community High + High: Institutional Investors, Local Planning Authority A Stakeholder Analysis is an approach that is frequently used to identify and investigate the Force Field formed by any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the objectives of an organization. Stakeholder Analysis identifies the ways in which stakeholders may influence the organization or may be influenced by its activities, as well as their attitude towards the organization stakeholders Owners Buyers Employees The power and influence of stakeholders: The extent to which stakeholders affect the activities of an organisation depends on the relationship between the stakeholder and the organisation. Mendelows matrix provides a way of mapping stakeholders based on the power to affect the organisation and their interest in doing so. It identifies the responses which management needs to make to the stakeholders in the different Cadburysannualreport2008 2008 Highlights à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Base business1 revenue up 7%; strong growth across emerging markets and focus brands o Good growth across all categories; chocolate up 6%, gum up 10%, candy up 6% o Emerging markets up 12%; five year compound average growth of 12% o Focus brands up 8%; Cadbury Dairy Milk up 11%, Trident up 11%, and Halls up 9% à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Underlying margins up 150 bps driven by Vision into Action cost reduction initiatives o Reported margins up 180 bps to 11.9% o Price realisation offset input cost increases à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Strong financial performance o Proforma EPS up 16%; up 30% at reported currency o Recommended final dividend of 11.1p (2007: 10.5p); full year dividend 16.4p, up 6% o Improved Return on Invested Capital, up 110 bps o Secure financing average maturity of long-term debt 6 years à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Transformation of the business into a category-led pure-play confectionery company o Demerger of Dr Pepper Snapple Group completed in May o Announced a conditional agreement to sell Australia Beverages for  £550m (Except where stated all movements use constant currency see Basis of Preparation on page 3 for impact of exchange) Todd Stitzer, Cadburys CEO said: In 2008, Cadbury completed its transformation into a pureplay confectionery company. Our strong revenue growth and significant improvement in operating margin demonstrate the relative resilience of our focused business model. Whilst we will not be immune from the continued weak economic environment, at this early stage in 2009, we expect to deliver revenue growth around the lower end of our 4-6% goal range and to make good progress toward our goal of mid-teens margins by 2011. Results for the year 2008 The Financial Statements for the year ended 31 December 2008 are presented in the appropriate section of this Report. The summary of performance is as follows: The Group The Company 2008 2007 2008 2007 Nm Nm Nm Nm Turnover 24,298 19,937 21,729 18,018 Loss before Tax (2,848) (4,198) (3,087) (3,987) Group turnover grew 22% (2007: 4%) with Gross Margin at 27% (2007: 23%). Loss before taxation also improved compared to the prior year with a reduction of N1.4 billion or 32%. Loss after tax increased due to the decreased impact of the deferred tax credit in the current year compared to the preceding year. Investment in fixed assets was moderate at N0.6 billion (2007: N0.7 billion) for the year. As a result of the decrease in operating cash flows, there was an increase in overdrafts and short term borrowings of N73.5 million compared to a reduction of N1.5 billion in the prior year. Interest paid increased to N2.1 billion (2007: N1.9 billion) arising from increased borrowings during the year as well as an increase in borrowing rates from an average of 13% in 2007 to an average of 16.5% in 2008. The cost of interest on bank borrowings makes equity re-financing necessary to accelerate the ability to pay future dividends. These results show a good growth of the business in spite of the circumstance of 2006, and reflect the benefits of our strategic focus, which will see us advancing our competitive position even further in Responsibilities of Cadburys to its stakeholders and the strategies Stakeholders Any individual or group that has a legitimate interest in an organisation and what it does and capacity to effect the organisation There are three type of stakeholders in an organisation Internal Connected External Internal Intimately connected and lot of influence over how the organisation run Connected Outside the organisation but have a vested interest in the success of the organisation Shareholders /owners return on inv is their prime interest, ethical performance can be important Bankers security of loan Customer -want the product or service , large customer have influence over price , quality and development Suppliers ­ receive payment External Diverse objective and a vary ability to influence the organisation e.g central government local government pressure group To stakeholders, key legal responsibilities eg consumer employment, disability discrimination and health and safety, diversity and equal opportunities, stakeholder pensions; wider responsibilities including ethical, environmental and ethical practice. (HNC Business, 2010). stakeholders 1. Owners 2. Buyers 3. Employees Cadbury Cocoa Partnership: In 2008 Cadbury set up the Cadbury Cocoa Partnership to secure the economic, social and environmental sustainability of around a million cocoa farmers and their communities in Ghana, India, Indonesia and the Caribbean, through: Improving cocoa farmer incomes: by helping farmers increase their yields and produce top quality beans Introducing new sources of rural income: through microfinance and business support and introducing additional income streams Investing in community led development: to improve life in cocoa communities Working in partnership: Farmers, governments, NGOs, international agencies and local organisations will work together to decide how the funding is spent and turn plans into action This ground-breaking initiative, which is carried out in partnership with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and other partners, marked 100 years since the Cadbury brothers first began trading in Ghana and aims to holistically support the development of sustainable cocoa growing communities. Cadbury is investing  £45 million over 10 years. In June, 2009 Cadbury awarded Gold today for sustainable business practice by Business in the Community in their Corporate Responsibility Index, launches its Geography online educational resource this month. Skills Space supports the work of the Cadbury Cocoa Partnership and the Cadbury Dairy Milk Fairtrade certification. Skills Space enables students to learn about Ghana, how cocoa is grown, the lives of cocoa farmers, the interdependence between Ghana and chocolate manufacturers, and discover more about sustainable farming. Alex Cole, Global Director of Corporate Affairs at Cadbury said: As a global company, we have access to a huge amount of information and resources that can inspire and have real value to young people studying business and associated subjects. We have always received a large number of enquiries from teachers and pupils looking for real-life case studies to support learning in the classroom. Skills Space has been developed in specific response to this demand, and we hope that this new online resource will prove to be a useful tool in their studies. Through Skill Space, Cadbury reflects that it is more important than ever for businesses to acknowledge the impact they have on society and the environment, and commit to tackling the issues, not just because they should, but because its good for business, as acknowledged in the BiTC CR Index. Main Aspects of Porters Five Forces Analysis The original competitive forces model, as proposed by Porter, identified five forces which would impact on an organizations behaviour in a competitive market. These include the following: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The rivalry between existing sellers in the market. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The power exerted by the customers in the market. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The impact of the suppliers on the sellers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The potential threat of new sellers entering the market. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The threat of substitute products becoming available in the market. Understanding the nature of each of these forces gives organizations the necessary insights to enable them to formulate the appropriate strategies to be successful in their market. (Thurlby, 1998). The Degree of Rivalry: The intensity of rivalry, which is the most obvious of the five forces in an industry, helps determine the extent to which the value created by an industry will be dissipated through head-to-head competition. The most valuable contribution of Porters five forces framework in this issue may be its suggestion that rivalry, while important, is only one of several forces that determine industry attractiveness. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ This force is located at the centre of the diagram; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Is most likely to be high in those industries where there is a threat of substitute products; and existing power of suppliers and buyers in the market. The Threat of Entry: Both potential and existing competitors influence average industry profitability. The threat of new entrants is usually based on the market entry barriers. They can take diverse forms and are used to prevent an influx of firms into an industry whenever profits, adjusted for the cost of capital, rise above zero. In contrast, entr

Fear of Fear Essays -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) for panic disorder but the mechanism responsible for the improvement are lacking. The reduction of fear of fear (FOF), or the tendency to respond fearfully to benign bodily sensations, is believed to underlie the improvement resulting from CBT. Research has provided evidence consistent with the FOF hypothesis. Descriptive studies consistently show that panic disorder patients score significantly higher on self-report measures tapping fear of bodily sensations. Those who score high on measures tapping FOF display heightened emotional responding to challenge compared with those who score low on these same FOF measures (M. Brown, Smits, Powers, & Telch, 2003; Eke & McNally, 1996; Holloway & McNally, 1987; McNally & Eke, 1996; Rapee & Medoro, 1994; Telch et al., 2003). Findings from several prospective studies suggest that people score big on the Anxiety Sensititivity Index (ASI) a re at greater risk for developing occurring panic attacks (Schmidt, Lerew, & Jackson, 1997;p Shmidt, Lerew, & Joiner, 1998).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Specific procedural components contained in contemporary CBT manuals for panic disorder include education about the nature and physiology of panic and anxiety, breathing retraining designed to assist patients in learning to control hyperventilation, cognitive restructuring aimed at teaching patients to identify and correct faulty threat perceptions that contribute to their panic and anxiety, interoceptive exposure aimed at reducing patents’ fear of harmless bodily sensations associated with physiological activation, and fading of maladaptive defensive behaviors such as avoidance of external situations (Barlow, Craske, Cerny, & Klosko, 1989; Clark et al., 1994; Telch et al., 199).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the basis of contemporary psychological theories of panic disorder, several findings implicate change in FOF as a mediator of treatment outcome. CBT results in significant reductions on measures broadly tapping FOF (Bouchard et al., 1996; Clark et al., 1997, Poulton & Andrews, 1996). Modifying patients; catastrophic misinterpretations of bodily sensations result in significant reductions in panic (Taylor, 2000). A clinical trial comparing cognitive therapy with guided master... ... to 5 being extremely frightened Likert-type scale. The total score is computed by averaging the responses to the 17 items.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The hypothesis that the effects of CBT would be mediated by changes in FOF was tested in accordance with the analytic steps outlined by Baron and Kenny (1986). Step 1 is testing the effects of treatment on the proposed mediator by performing an ANOVA with treatment group (CBT vs. waitlist) as the grouping factor and FOF score as the dependent variable. Step 2 is testing for the presence of a treatment effect by performing the grouping factor and residualized change scores of the four major clinical status measures as the dependent variables. Step 3 is the relationship between the proposed mediator and the four major clinical status measures was examined. This step was tested by performing a series of analyses of covariance with treatment group (CBT vs. waitlist) as the grouping factor, residualized change scores of clinical status measures as the dependent variables, and the FOF score as the covariate. The final step is tested by comparing the effect of treatment in the third step with the effect of treatment in the second step.

colombia Essay -- essays research papers fc

Violence in modern Colombia takes place in many forms. The three major categories are crime, guerrilla activities, and attacks committed by drug traffickers. Violence has become so widespread and common in Colombia that many people have now become numb to it. The Colombian economy has also benefited from the illicit drug trade; however violent it may be. During the 1970s, Colombia became well known, as one of the world’s most important drug processing, production, and distribution centers for marijuana and cocaine. The shrubs and plants from which both drugs are derived from and processed has been well known in Colombia for centuries, but until the 1970s drug refiners and traffickers had not taken full advantage. The chewing of coca leaves was very well known in the South American Inca Empire in the 11th century. The Incas, the Colombian Chibchas and other local ethnic groups have always attributed mythical and religious power to the bush and to the alkaloids that were extracted by its leaves by chewing on them. The existence of a drug, cocaine, which could be chemically extracted from large volumes of leaves was not discovered until 1884 by an Austrian ophthalmologist. Marijuana is a drug extracted from hemp, a plant from which coarse fibers are also obtained for the manufacture of cloth, cordage, and sacking. The development of marijuana in Colombia took place in the mid 1940s during the administration of President Mariano Ospina Perez. The government at this time imported various fibers producing species from different parts of the world in an attempt to improve the postwar textile industry. The imported fiber plant included cannabis sativa (hemp) from Asia, and jute and sisal from Mexico. The Ministry of Agriculture was distributing these plants throughout the countryside of Colombia, and peasants and farmers were encouraged to plant them. During this same period, the consumption of marijuana was beginning to become a problem among the Bohemians in Medellin. As a result of this increasing drug problem, especially among the Bohemian members of the middle and upper class, on March 11, 1946, the Ospina administration passed the nation’s first anti-drug law, Decree No. 896. This law prohibited the cultivation, distribution, and sale of coca and marijuana, and ruled that all local and regional governments had to destroy all coca and marijuana plantatio... ... the drug cartels have a hold over the country, the economy continues to stay stable, even with the illegal drug money. Bibliography Bibliography Belov, D. â€Å"Drug Problems of Colombia,† International Affairs, Vol. 44 (Nov. 1998) pp. 125-129. Boudon, Lawrence. â€Å"Guerillas and the State,† Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 28 (May 1996), pp. 279-297. Chepesiak, Ron. â€Å"Narco Paralysis in Colombia,† New Leader, Vol. 80 (Jan. 1997), pp. 6-10. Knoester, Mark. â€Å"War in Colombia,† Social Justice, Vol. 25 (Nov. 1998) pp. 85-109. Maullin, Richard L. Soldiers, Guerillas, and Politics in Colombia (Lexington, Massachusetts, 1973) pp. 84-109. Oquist, Paul. Violence, Conflict, and Politics in Colombia (New York, 1980) pp.108-129. Osterling, Jorge P. Democracy in Colombia: Clientist Politics and Guerilla Warfare (New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1989) pp. 261-300. Posada-Carbo, Eduardo. Colombia: The Politics of Reforming the State (New York, 1998) pp. 111-125. Richani, Nazih. â€Å"War Systems in Colombia,† Journal of Interamerican studies and World Affairs, Vol. 39 (Summer 1997), pp. 37-81. Steiner, Roberto. â€Å"Colombian Income from the Drug Trade,† World Development, Vol. 26 (June 1998), pp. 1013-1031.

Creative writing about my room Essay

The stairs creak as i tiptoe up them to the second floor of my house where my room awaits me. I make my way up to the doorway while tightly grasping the rail. I approach the wooden door and slowly turn the golden knob. Suddenly i am now inside a room with cool air and a fresh scent of cleanliness blowing through my nose. On my way to the crystal sliding glass door, i take notice of how the room is so neat and clean. The room is a sterilized doctors office where patients have not yet arrived. The fresh aroma of simmering potpourri and the fragrance of recent blown out candles spills out in every direction. The freshly sky blue painted walls are encompassed with pictures of friends and family members neatly placed in their proper spots in a collage with other pictures. Each picture is trying to stand out and be more noticed than the rest as if they were all running in a beauty pageant. The walls are all neatly dressed with their own unique outfit of posters and pictures. The pictures and cheerleading awards overwhelm the room with bright colors and pastels. With another step, i notice how all the furniture is aligned perfectly with the symmetry of the room like a life size geometry proof. The furniture is identical in color, each piece a fluorescent pink. The vanity and nightstand are clear of clutter with not even a thin film of dust in the smallest crevice. The fibers of recently vacuumed carpet stand at attention displaying how clean they are. The bright pink dresser glistens as the sunlight shines through the crystal clear window reflecting off its soft glossy finish. As i approach the clear glass door, it is shiny and smudge free just like a Windex commercial. Glancing out the window, i receive an immediate sense of relief and comfort. The sun is shining down on the white blanket of snow that lies upon the ground. The falling snow trickles down making it seem as if i were in a snow globe. I sway over to my perfectly made bed and gracefully sit down being careful not to wrinkle the fragile covers. Taking one more look around, i think about my room. It is like my shadow following me on a sunny day. My room reflects my personal interests and talents and really is a part of me!

Pre-Linguistic Development

As linguistic development designates the stage when children are able to manipulate verbal symbols, it should be apparent that pre-linguistic development refers to the stage before the child is able to manipulate such symbols. Consequently, this stage is sometimes called the pre-symbolic stage. com/english-iii/">Pre-linguistic development, therefore, concerns itself with precursors to the development of symbolic skills and typically covers the period from birth to around 13 months of age. Four stages can be identified: * Vegetative sounds (0-2 months): the natural sounds that babies make, e. . crying, coughing, burping, and swallowing. * Cooing and laughter (2-5 months): these vocalizations usually occur when the baby is comfortable and content.They are typically made up of vowels and consonants. * Vocal play (4-8 months): the infant engages in longer and more continuous streams of either vowel or consonant sounds. * Babbling (6-13 months): at least two sub-stages are identified â₠¬â€œ reduplicated babbling, in which the child produces a series of Consonant-Vowel (CV) syllables with the same consonant being repeated (e. . wa-wa-wa, mu-mu-mu) and non-reduplicated babbling, consisting of either CVC vocalizations (e. g. mom, pip) or VCV vocalizations (e. g. ama, ooboo). [See Speech Development] Up to this stage of development much of what the child produces is really no more than a sort of verbal play. The child is practicing individual sounds, and sound sequences, and gaining the motor skills necessary to produce what will eventually be considered as actual adult words. So, young children make various sounds and others then assign meaning to these.So, for example, a child may reach for an object whilst at the same time saying ‘m’. An adult may interpret this as the child wanting help to get the object. The child, having realized that this combination of physical gesture (reaching) and articulating ‘m’ prompts an adult to pass the desir ed object, may go on to repeat this behavior. The child is learning that certain actions that he or she performs can be used to control his or her environment. These changes come about because the child’s ability to focus their attention on their caregiver and on objects becomes more refined as they mature.For example, from 0-2 months there is shared attentiveness in which only the baby and caregiver form part of any interactive event – all other elements are ignored. From 2-6 months there is interpersonal engagement when the baby is conceptually able to differentiate their own self from the caregiver and focus attention on each other and on the ‘message’ of the communicative event. Then, from about 6-15 months there is a shift such that the child is now able to focus attention on objects (e. g. cups, toys, books) and understand that the communicative event is focused on these.This is sometimes called joint object involvement. It is, however, the emergence of words from about 12 months onwards that signals the onset of linguistic development. This is the stage when there is symbolic communication emerges. Linguistic Development Linguistic development occurs at what is called the One Word Stage. It is at this stage that we can properly talk about a child’sexpressive language, i. e. the words used to express emotions, feelings, wants, needs, ideas, and so on. This should not be confused with the child’s understanding or receptive language. The two are, of course, closely related.However, a child will typically understand much more than he or she can actually express and a child’s expressive language, therefore, lags behind its comprehension by a few months. Early One Word Stage (12-19 months) Before the emergence of the first ‘adult’ words the child will use specific sound combinations in particular situations. The sound combinations are not conventional adult words but they appear to be being used con sistently to express meaning. For example, if the child says mu every time he or she is offered a bottle of milk then this may be considered to be a ‘real’ word.Similarly, if the child says bibi each time he or she is given a biscuit then, even though the sound combination does not represent an exact adult word, it would still be considered an early word. These early words are called protowords. The child will also be using gesture together with these specific vocalizations in order to obtain needs, express emotions, and so on. The important point is that the child is consistent in his or her use of a particular ‘word’. Later One Word Stage (14-24 months) The words used by the child are now more readily identifiable as actual adult words.A variety of single words are used to express his or her feelings, needs, wants, and so on. This is the stage at which, amongst other things, the child begins to name and label the objects and people around them. Examples i nclude common nouns such as cup dog hat proper nouns such as Dad Sarah Rover and verbs such as kiss go sit The child may also use a few social words such as no bye-bye please The child will not yet have developed all the adult speech sounds and so the words used are unlikely to sound exactly as an adult would say them.However, they are beginning to approximate more closely to an adult model and they are beginning to be used consistently. At the end of the One Word Stage the child should have a much larger vocabulary, should be able to sustain a simple conversation, be using several adult speech sounds appropriately, and be conveying meaning through the use of single words in combination with facial expression, gesture and actions. These single words will express a variety of meaning. The next stage in the child’s development of expressive language is that he or she begins to combine two words together into simplephrases.Two Word Stage (20-30 months) It is at this stage that t he child begins to produce two-word combinations similar to the following. daddy car shoe on where Katie Note that a variety of different word classes may be combined: * For example, daddy car involves the combination of two words from the same word class of nouns one noun (daddy) with another noun (car). * However, shoe on consists of two words from two different word classes, nouns and prepositions: one noun (shoe) plus a preposition (on). * Also, where Katie uses a so-called interrogative pronoun (where) together with a proper noun (Katie).In fact, a high percentage of these two-word combinations incorporate nouns. This is not surprising, as the child has spent a lot of time learning the names of objects and people. These are the important things in his or her environment and the things that are most likely to be manipulated, talked about, and so on. They are often the concrete, permanent things to which the child can most readily relate. In addition, at this Two Word Stage there is also prolific use of verbs (e. g. go, run, drink, eat). Three Word Stage (28-42 months)As its name implies, at this next stage of development children extend their two-word utterances by incorporating at least another word. In reality children may add up to two more words, thereby creating utterances as long as four words. The child makes greater use of pronouns (e. g. I, you, he, she, they, me) at this stage, e. g. me kiss mummy you make toy he hit ball It is at this stage that the child also begins to use the articles the, a and an. At first their use is inconsistent but as the child approaches 42 months of age they become more consolidated in their utterances, e. g. me kick a ball you give the dolly he throw an orangeIn addition, it is common for the prepositions in and on to be incorporated between two nouns or pronouns, e. g. mummy on bed you in it Sarah in bath Four Word Stage (34-48 months) From about 34 months the child begins to combine between four to six words in any one utterance. There is greater use of contrast between prepositions such as in, on and under and adjectives such as big and little, e. g. mummy on little bed daddy under big car daddy playing with the little ball Complex Utterance Stage (48-60 months) This stage is typified by longer utterances, with the child regularly producing utterances of over six words in length.It is at this stage that the concept of past and future time develops and this is expressed linguistically in a child’s utterances, e. g. we all went to see Ryan yesterday [past time] Daddy is going to get a shoe [future time] Robert stopped and kicked a good goal [past time] Some of the more conceptually difficult prepositions such as behind, in front and next to also become established at this stage. The child will also be using the contracted negative, e. g. can’t rather than can not, didn’t rather than did not, won’t rather than will not, and so on.Example utterances include the followi ng. Helen can’t go to granddad’s house Connor didn’t stop crying he won’t eat up all his dinner for mummy There is a lot of controversy about just when the Complex Utterance Stage is completed. Some researchers claim that at five years of age a child has developed all of the major adult linguistic features and that the only real progression beyond this stage is the further acquisition of vocabulary items. Other researchers, however, argue that children up to the age of 12 years are still developing adult sentence structure.As indicated, our overview of language development has focused on how the child develops longer and longer utterances, i. e. it has concentrated on expressive language. It should be noted, however, that there is a parallel development of comprehension, or receptive language. So, for example, at the Early One Word Stage the child is capable of understanding a few single words spoken by others as well as speaking a few words. Similarly, a t the Three Word Stage the child can also comprehend the four to six word utterances spoken by others as well as producing such utterances themselves.In summary, the child will need to be able to comprehend utterances at least at the same level as those that he or she is able to construct and use expressively. In reality, we find that a child’s level of understanding actually precedes their level of expression. That is to say, a typically developing child will always understand more than they can express. The extent to which the development of receptive language precedes expressive language is highly variable and it is not possible to define any precise norms. The following table summarizes the stages of early development of expressive language.