How to Cite a Website

How to Cite a Website A good writer is nothing without good research. Whether you are writing about literary criticisms of F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby or you are researching the effects of climate change on the arctic, it is imperative that you are looking at the right sources to give you accurate information. Its only natural that a writer would turn to the Internet to find these sources because its fast, easy, and you dont have to leave your living room or put on pants.However, writers and researchers need to be aware of the many (many) sites out there that are not well researched, well written, or have been edited for content or clarity. Because of this, writers need to have a lot of digital literacyâ€"meaning that they must pay attention and be wary when researching online. Once they have found their sources and determined them to be accurate and sufficient to put in their research, they must also know how to cite a website properly. In this new age of research that includes websites and tra ditional media like books, journals, and newspapers, its important to make sure that you have everything properly formatted per your style guide that youre using. Here are some tips and tricks to navigating and citing websites for your research.Make sure the website is citableThere has been a lot of news lately about fake news and fake information. In this digital age, its very easy to create a website, add some content, some photos, and some keywords that will give your site search engine optimization (meaning that it will go to the top of the Google search). You as the writer have to determine if the website youre reading is not only factually accurate but also whether or not its written by a credible person who is a subject matter expert. So, how do you go about doing that?There are several ways to determine whether or not the website in question is worthy of going into your paper as research. Here are a few questions to ask yourself when youre determining if its a good source.Do es the website in question have:An author? There are some articles with unknown authors that can be credible and source-worthy, but most often if a writer doesnt want to stand by their words and leave their work unsigned then you should tread lightly. Having an author on the website means that the author is willing to place their name next to their work no matter how its perceived.A credible suffix? A website suffix is what goes at the end of the url. Credible suffixes include .gov for government websites, .com for corporate websites, .edu for educational websites, and .org for nonprofit organization websites. If the website in question doesnt have one of those suffixes, then its most likely that it wasnt written by a credible source or institution. Also beware of blogs, which do have .com addresses but theyre preceded by the blog hosts name (like Wordpress or Tumblr). Though these sites can have accurate information, its likely that it wasnt edited or verified and is just simply th e authors opinion.A date? If youre looking at an article and it doesnt have a date, be wary of this source. A date will help you give you insight into what time the author or organization was writing the site and how relevant the information might be. Of course, many nonprofits or corporations dont necessarily date their individual pages that have info on them, but they should have a copyright date on their about me page or at the bottom of the home page.Good design? Though not every single website will have award-winning design, its certainly something to pay attention to. Does the site look like it was professionally done or does it look like someone used a blog platforms inherit design features? Is the font type something whimsical looking like Comic Sans or is it something more traditional like Times New Roman? These might be small details but they go into the overall credibility of the website. While youre looking at it if something seems… off then it might be.A completely un believable headline? If the title to the website has something shocking or something almost too good to be true, then it just might be. Really take a look at your sources hard and determine if this is information that you can verify elsewhere. If youre just finding this information in one source and the website in question lacks any of the other characteristics that weve noted above, it may not be credible. Try to be as discerning as possible when you are gathering information because you dont want to lead anyone astray with the facts.How to actually cite a website in your paperAs we all know, different style guides have different rules when it comes to formattingâ€"both within a paper and in the works cited or references. Depending on what style guide youre using will depend on the look and feel of the website citation. Now well go over and give examples on how to cite a website both in text and in the references section of the most popular style guides.MLAMLA gives a lot of good d etails on how to reference a website in both the reference section and an in-text citation.For the reference section you will need to gather all of the following about your source:The authors first and last nameThe title of the article or pageThe title of the websiteThe name of the publisherThe date the site was publishedThe URLHeres what that might look like:Heres a sample MLA citation.As you can see in this example, we didnt have a publisher because the ACLU acts as its own publisher. Theres no need to list it twice, in other words. In many cases if you are referencing that has no author because the corporation is the author, simply start out with the title of the article in quotations. Also note that it is not necessary to use http in the URL in the citation.When it comes to in-text citations, it all depends on what information you have about the website youre citing. If you were using the example above in a parenthetical reference then you would just write it like any other sour ce with two authors.Heres a sample MLA in-text citation.Notice that theres no need to have a page number as you normally would with a book or a journal reference (because of course there are no page numbers online). If you were citing something that had a corporate or unknown author, then just put the organization name in parenthesis. For example, if you were quoting something by the website Healthline.com, theres no need to put the entire URL of the page. Just simply put Healthline.com in parenthesis.APAThe American Psychological Association also gives us some good detail about what a website citation should look like both in text and on the references page.APA actually outlines a lot of very specific examples of how your citation should look like depending on what kind of medium it is. It gives information about online book reviews, Kindle books, data sets, online encyclopedias, YouTube videos, podcasts, and more. For more specific instructions on your source, check out the APA Ma nual.Using the same source as we did in our MLA example, heres what it would look like:Heres a sample APA citation.Its important to note that if your website has no known author, then use the organization name first in the citation. If your website or page has no known date then put (n.d.) in place of the date in the citation.Remember that when youre dealing with a website, just grab as much information about the source as you possibly can. Dont be lazy! Make sure that its that you really cannot find the authors name and not because you didnt look or make the effort to look in the right places.When it comes to in-text citations for websites in APA, stick to the conventions of their author date system.Heres a sample APA in-text citation.The in-text citations have similar rules as the reference section. If your website has no known author, put the organizations name in the parenthesis. If the website has no known published date put n.d. for no date.Chicago Manual of StyleThe Chicago M anual of Style details how it wants us to deal with websites as sources in both the bibliography and the in-text citations.Lets use the same example as we did for MLA and APA to illustrate how to use them in Chicago Manual of Style.Heres a sample Chicago Manual of Style citation.Note that if you dont have an authors last name, then just start with the title in quotation marks. If there is no known date then use the date that you accessed the website.For the in-text citations, Chicago Manual of Style uses footnotes, which are placed at the bottom of the page. The footnotes are called out with superscript numbers after the parenthetical reference and are formatted at the bottom of the page.Heres what that might look like in accordance with our example weve been using.Heres a sample Chicago Manual of Style in-text citation.Note that the footnote is flipped from the format of the bibliography in that the authors first names are first (versus last names first). Again, if you dont have th e authors name, start with the title in quotation marks. If you dont have the date, put the access date in its place.The Chicago Manual of Style does outline some specific online sources, such as how to handle the citation style of blogs, emails, and podcasts. For more information on that be sure to check out the 16th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style.Use a variety of sourcesIn this article weve examined how to determine if a website is credible, and how to handle the citation once you figure out that it is. In this new electronic era of research its important to know how to use websites in our writing in the best possible way. Luckily, learning how to cite websites and other electronic resources are the most difficult to learn. Once you master how to do these, its easier to write other citations like books or journals.Its also important to note here that its good to diversify your research. Dont simply just rely on Internet sources because theyre the easiest to find. You never know what could be waiting for you at the library in the periodicals area or in the stacks. Its always best to go through a whole slew of research and writing before you actually sit down to write your findings. If youre unsure of how to locate a resource, be sure to ask your librarian or a teacher to assist you.

John Driscoll model of reflection Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Clinical Supervision Analysis Clinical supervision is a professional requirement for all nurses. The main aim for this practice is to ensure that nurses receive sufficient professional support and training that will enable them to develop competence and knowledge in their practice. The other aim of clinical supervision is to ensure that nurses presuppose accountability for their practice to boost patient fortification and wellbeing of care in varied situations. The Council of Midwifery and Nursing acknowledge this practice as an imperative part of medical governance. This practice of clinical supervision is a legal obligation for midwives other than for nurses (John, 2000 p 16). Clinical supervision is a practice that requires thorough preparation, especially if one is going for the first clinical supervision. John Driscoll came up with a model that is used to reflect the practice of clinical supervision. This write up will analyze the first meeting in clinical supervision as a supe rvisee as well as explore the principle that the supervisee should consider before their first supervision. The paper will end with a brief look at the reflective guide that can be used in clinical supervision by a supervisee. Clinical Supervision Analysis The analysis of the first clinical supervision assumes three main aims. We will write a custom essay sample on John Driscoll model of reflection or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now They include an analysis of profession al and personal expectations of a supervisee in clinical supervision. The second aim is to know the manner to be ready for the primary clinical meeting, and the third aim is to identify the essential skills that will help a supervisee to reap the most benefits from the meetings of clinical supervision (John, 2000 p 18). It is indispensable for as a supervisee to examine continuing skills to build up as a supervisee prior to the primary meeting. This will help the supervisee to get a fore hand in matters that will be looked at during the supervision. It is also imperative to reflect on the ways of overcoming the barriers to begin the supervision and assume full accountability for what turns out in clinical supervision (John, 2000 p 22). In addition, consider the essential limits to glance at prior to going for the initial clinical supervision meeting. Lastly, you should come up with a list of personal needs that you expect to satisfy in the clinical supervision and analyze the effectiveness of that supervision against then identified needs. Personal and professional expectations in clinical supervision Clinical supervision is a professional partnership between the supervisor and the clinical supervisee.

Definition and Examples of Eye Dialect in English

Theory of Mercantilism Free Essays

string(237) " lies in the increasing professionalisation and technification of the wars of the era, which turned the maintenance of adequate reserve funds \(in the prospect of war\) into a more and more expensive and eventually competitive business\." Theory of Mercantilism Most of the European economists who wrote between 1500 and 1750 are today generally considered mercantilists; this term was initially used solely by critics, such as Mirabeau and Smith, but was quickly adopted by historians. Originally the standard English term was â€Å"mercantile system†. The word â€Å"mercantilism† was introduced into English from German in the early 19th century. We will write a custom essay sample on Theory of Mercantilism or any similar topic only for you Order Now The bulk of what is commonly called â€Å"mercantilist literature† appeared in the 1620s in Great Britain. 6] Smith saw English merchant Thomas Mun (1571–1641) as a major creator of the mercantile system, especially in his posthumously published Treasure by Foreign Trade (1664), which Smith considered the archetype or manifesto of the movement. [7] Perhaps the last major mercantilist work was James Steuart’s Principles of Political Economy published in 1767. [8] â€Å"Mercantilist literature† also extended beyond England. For example, Italy, France, and Spain produced noted writers of mercantilist themes including Italy’s Giovanni Botero (1544–1617) and Antonio Serra (1580-? ; France’s, Jean Bodin, Colbert and other physiocrats. Themes also existed in writers from the German historical school from List, as well as followers of the â€Å"American system† and British â€Å"free-trade imperialism,† thus stretching the syste m into the 19th century. However, many British writers, including Mun and Misselden, were merchants, while many of the writers from other countries were public officials. Beyond mercantilism as a way of understanding the wealth and power of nations, Mun and Misselden are noted for their viewpoints on a wide range of economic matters. [9] Merchants in Venice The Austrian lawyer and scholar Philipp Wilhelm von Hornick, in his Austria Over All, If She Only Will of 1684, detailed a nine-point program of what he deemed effective national economy, which sums up the tenets of mercantilism comprehensively:[10] That every inch of a country’s soil be utilized for agriculture, mining or manufacturing. That all raw materials found in a country be used in domestic manufacture, since finished goods have a higher value than raw materials. That a large, working population be encouraged. That all export of gold and silver be prohibited and all domestic money be kept in circulation. That all imports of foreign goods be discouraged as much as possible. That where certain imports are indispensable they be obtained at first hand, in exchange for other domestic goods instead of gold and silver. That as much as possible, imports be confined to raw materials that can be finished [in the home country]. That opportunities be constantly sought for selling a country’s surplus manufactures to foreigners, so far as necessary, for gold and silver. That no importation be allowed if such goods are sufficiently and suitably supplied at home. Other than Von Hornick, there were no mercantilist writers presenting an overarching scheme for the ideal economy, as Adam Smith would later do for classical economics. Rather, each mercantilist writer tended to focus on a single area of the economy. [11] Only later did non-mercantilist scholars integrate these â€Å"diverse† ideas into what they called mercantilism. Some scholars thus reject the idea of mercantilism completely, arguing that it gives â€Å"a false unity to disparate events†. Smith saw the mercantile system as an enormous conspiracy by manufacturers and merchants against consumers, a view that has led some authors, especially Robert E. Ekelund and Robert D. Tollison to call mercantilism â€Å"a rent-seeking society†. To a certain extent, mercantilist doctrine itself made a general theory of economics impossible. Mercantilists viewed the economic system as a zero-sum game, in which any gain by one party required a loss by another. [12] Thus, any system of policies that benefited one group would by definition harm the other, and there was no possibility of economics being used to maximize the â€Å"commonwealth†, or common good. [13] Mercantilists’ writings were also generally created to rationalize particular practices rather than as investigations into the best policies. 14] Mercantilist domestic policy was more fragmented than its trade policy. While Adam Smith portrayed mercantilism as supportive of strict controls over the economy, many mercantilists disagreed. The early modern era was one of letters patent and government-imposed monopolies; some mercantilists supported these, but others ack nowledged the corruption and inefficiency of such systems. Many mercantilists also realized that the inevitable results of quotas and price ceilings were black markets. One notion mercantilists widely agreed upon was the need for economic oppression of the working population; laborers and farmers were to live at the â€Å"margins of subsistence†. The goal was to maximize production, with no concern for consumption. Extra money, free time, or education for the â€Å"lower classes† was seen to inevitably lead to vice and laziness, and would result in harm to the economy. [15] Infinite growth The mercantilists saw a large population as a form of wealth which made possible the development of bigger markets and armies. The opposing doctrine of physiocracy predicted that mankind would outgrow its resources. Origins Scholars debate over why mercantilism dominated economic ideology for 250 years. [16] One group, represented by Jacob Viner, argues that mercantilism was simply a straightforward, common-sense system whose logical fallacies could not be discovered by the people of the time, as they simply lacked the required analytical tools. The second school, supported by scholars such as Robert B. Ekelund, contends that mercantilism was not a mistake, but rather the best possible system for those who developed it. This school argues that mercantilist policies were developed and enforced by rent-seeking merchants and governments. Merchants benefited greatly from the enforced monopolies, bans on foreign competition, and poverty of the workers. Governments benefited from the high tariffs and payments from the merchants. Whereas later economic ideas were often developed by academics and philosophers, almost all mercantilist writers were merchants or government officials. [17] Monetarism offers a third explanation for mercantilism. European trade exported bullion to pay for goods from Asia, thus reducing the money supply and putting downward pressure on prices and economic activity. The evidence for this hypothesis is the lack of inflation in the English economy until the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars when paper money was extensively used. A fourth explanation lies in the increasing professionalisation and technification of the wars of the era, which turned the maintenance of adequate reserve funds (in the prospect of war) into a more and more expensive and eventually competitive business. You read "Theory of Mercantilism" in category "Essay examples" Mercantilism developed at a time when the European economy was in transition. Isolated feudal estates were being replaced by centralized nation-states as the focus of power. Technological changes in shipping and the growth of urban centres led to a rapid increase in international trade. [18] Mercantilism focused on how this trade could best aid the states. Another important change was the introduction of double-entry bookkeeping and modern accounting. This accounting made extremely clear the inflow and outflow of trade, contributing to the close scrutiny given to the balance of trade. [19] Of course, the impact of the discovery of America cannot be ignored. New markets and new mines propelled foreign trade to previously inconceivable heights. The latter led to â€Å"the great upward movement in prices† and an increase in â€Å"the volume of merchant activity itself. †[20] Prior to mercantilism, the most important economic work done in Europe was by the medieval scholastic theorists. The goal of these thinkers was to find an economic system that was compatible with Christian doctrines of piety and justice. They focused mainly on microeconomics and local exchanges between individuals. Mercantilism was closely aligned with the other theories and ideas that were replacing the medieval worldview. This period saw the adoption of the very Machiavellian realpolitik and the primacy of the raison d’etat in international relations. The mercantilist idea that all trade was a zero sum game, in which each side was trying to best the other in a ruthless competition, was integrated into the works of Thomas Hobbes. The dark view of human nature also fit well with the Puritan view of the world, and some of the most stridently mercantilist legislation, such as the Navigation Acts, were enacted by the government of Oliver Cromwell. [21] Policies French finance minister and mercantilist Jean-Baptiste Colbert served for over 20 years. Mercantilist ideas were the dominant economic ideology of all of Europe in the early modern period, and most states embraced it to a certain degree. Mercantilism was centred in England and France, and it was in these states that mercantilist polices were most often enacted. France Mercantilism arose in France in the early 16th century, soon after the monarchy had become the dominant force in French politics. In 1539, an important decree banned the importation of woolen goods from Spain and some parts of Flanders. The next year, a number of restrictions were imposed on the export of bullion. [22] Over the rest of the sixteenth century further protectionist measures were introduced. The height of French mercantilism is closely associated with Jean-Baptiste Colbert, finance minister for 22 years in the 17th century, to the extent that French mercantilism is sometimes called Colbertism. Under Colbert, the French government became deeply involved in the economy in order to increase exports. Protectionist policies were enacted that limited imports and favored exports. Industries were organized into guilds and monopolies, and production was regulated by the state through a series of over a thousand directives outlining how different products should be produced. [23] To encourage industry, foreign artisans and craftsmen were imported. Colbert also worked to decrease internal barriers to trade, reducing internal tariffs and building an extensive network of roads and canals. Colbert’s policies were quite successful, and France’s industrial output and economy grew considerably during this period, as France became the dominant European power. He was less successful in turning France into a major trading power, and Britain and the Netherlands remained supreme in this field. [23] Great Britain In England, mercantilism reached its peak during the 1340-1789 Long Parliament government (1640–1660). Mercantilist policies were also embraced throughout much of the Tudor and Stuart periods, with Robert Walpole being another major proponent. In Britain, government control over the domestic economy was far less extensive than on the Continent, limited by common law and the steadily increasing power of Parliament. 24] Government-controlled monopolies were common, especially before the English Civil War, but were often controversial. [25] The Anglo-Dutch Wars were fought between the English and the Dutch for control over the seas and trade routes. With respect to its colonies, British mercantilism meant that the government and the merchants became partners with the goal of increasing political power and private wealth, to the ex clusion of other empires. The government protected its merchants—and kept others out—by trade barriers, regulations, and subsidies to domestic industries in order to maximize exports from and minimize imports to the realm. The government had to fight smuggling—which became a favorite American technique in the 18th century to circumvent the restrictions on trading with the French, Spanish or Dutch. The goal of mercantilism was to run trade surpluses, so that gold and silver would pour into London. The government took its share through duties and taxes, with the remainder going to merchants in Britain. The government spent much of its revenue on a superb Royal Navy, which not only protected the British colonies but threatened the colonies of the other empires, and sometimes seized them. Thus the British Navy captured New Amsterdam (New York) in 1664. The colonies were captive markets for British industry, and the goal was to enrich the mother country. [26] British mercantilist writers were themselves divided on whether domestic controls were necessary. British mercantilism thus mainly took the form of efforts to control trade. A wide array of regulations was put in place to encourage exports and discourage imports. Tariffs were placed on imports and bounties given for exports, and the export of some raw materials was banned completely. The Navigation Acts expelled foreign merchants from England’s domestic trade. The nation aggressively sought colonies and once under British control, regulations were imposed that allowed the colony to only produce raw materials and to only trade with Britain. This led to friction with the inhabitants of these colonies, and mercantilist policies (such as forbidding trade with other empires and controls over smuggling) were a major irritant leading to the American Revolution. Over all, however, mercantilist policies had a positive impact on Britain helping turn it into the world’s dominant trader, and an international superpower[citation needed]. One domestic policy that had a lasting impact was the conversion of â€Å"waste lands† to agricultural use. Mercantilists felt that to maximize a nation’s power all land and resources had to be used to their utmost, and this era thus saw projects like the draining of The Fens. [27] Mercantilism helped create trade patterns such as the triangular trade in the North Atlantic, in which raw materials were imported to the metropolis and then processed and redistributed to other colonies. Other countries The other nations of Europe also embraced mercantilism to varying degrees. The Netherlands, which had become the financial centre of Europe by being its most efficient trader, had little interest in seeing trade restricted and adopted few mercantilist policies. Mercantilism became prominent in Central Europe and Scandinavia after the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648), with Christina of Sweden, Jacob Kettler of Courland, Christian IV of Denmark being notable proponents. The Habsburg Holy Roman Emperors had long been interested in mercantilist policies, but the vast and decentralized nature of their empire made implementing such notions difficult. Some constituent states of the empire did embrace Mercantilism, most notably Prussia, which under Frederick the Great had perhaps the most rigidly controlled economy in Europe. During the economic collapse of the seventeenth century Spain had little coherent economic policy, but French mercantilist policies were imported by Philip V with some success. Russia under Peter I (Peter the Great) attempted to pursue mercantilism, but had little success because of Russia’s lack of a large merchant class or an industrial base. Wars and imperialism Mercantilism was economic warfare and was well suited to an era of military warfare. [28] Since the level of world trade was viewed as fixed, it followed that the only way to increase a nation’s trade was to take it from another. A number of wars, most notably the Anglo-Dutch Wars and the Franco-Dutch Wars, can be linked directly to mercantilist theories. Most wars had other causes but they reinforced mercantilism by clearly defining the enemy, and justified damage to the enemy’s economy. Mercantilism fueled the imperialism of this era, as many nations expended significant effort to build new colonies that would be sources of gold (as in Mexico) or sugar (as in the West Indies), as well as becoming exclusive markets. European power spread around the globe, often under the aegis of companies with government-guaranteed monopolies in certain defined geographical regions, such as the Dutch East India Company or the British Hudson’s Bay Company (operating in present-day Canada). How to cite Theory of Mercantilism, Essay examples

Impressive And Edible Table Decorations Essay Example For Students

Impressive And Edible Table Decorations Essay Demonst. Outline Impressive Edible Table DecorationsGeneral Purpose: To teach a unique and creative craft to the audience. Specific Purpose: To show the audience an inventive way to decorate forparties, holidays, and even weddings. Central Idea: Holidays, parties, and even formal events have manyopportunities to display a simple, easy, and impressive decoration. Introduction To Speech:I. Have you ever watched a chef or culinary artist create somethingamazing out of a simple food and wished you could do the samething? Have you ever wondered why it looked so easy? II. Youve probably heard the expression You eat with your eyes beforeyou eat with your mouth. Whether you are entertaining your guestsby cooking an Asian or Western cuisine, nothing enhances acarefully prepared dish like a graceful fruit or vegetable carving. Transition: Decorations can make or break any affair, but can be extra-special if done with creativity and originality. BodyI. An eye-catching garnish will add to any dish being served. a. The food can be canned soup ; beans, but if the presentationlooks great, the food will appear to be of the same caliber. II. There are only a few general techniques to remember for thecreation of basic food art. a. The knife should always be longer than the fruit or vegetablebeing cut throughb. Cutting wedges is a technique used for many different creationsand should therefore be performed accurately. III. Explanation of 3 decorations. a. Apple Swanb. Orange Fishc. Radish MouseTransition: All of these are simple techniques to spice up a dcor. Conclusion: Next time you attend a banquet, or host a party of your own,remember these ideas and apply them. Perhaps you can create a few newideas yourself in the process. Visual Aids: Pre-made carvings of each animal, along with the partialdemonstration of the one main creation. Audience Analysis: I know the audience has probably never thought of foodart, nor have they been exposed to an opportunity to learn the craft. Ihad a hard time trying to consider the people who have not interest in thesubject at all, but I think those people will be satisfied during the hands-on creation of the food animals.

Bail Bonds Essays - Criminal Law, Legal Professions, Bail

Bail Bonds Criminal Law term paper 17OCT00 Bail Bonds The principle of bail is basic to our system of justice and its practice as old as English law itself. When the administration of criminal justice was in its infancy, arrest for serious crime meant imprisonment without preliminary hearing and long periods of time could occur between apprehension and the arrival of the King's Justices to hold court. It was therefore a matter of utmost importance to a person under arrest to be able to obtain a provisional release from custody until his case was called. This was also the desideratum of the medieval sheriff, the representative of the Crown in criminal matters, who wore many hats including that of bailing officer. He preferred the conditional release of persons under arrest to their imprisonment for several reasons: it was less costly and troublesome; the jails were easy to breach and under then existing law the Jailer was hanged if a prisoner escaped; the jails were dangerous to health, and as there was no provision for adequate food, many prisoners perished before trial was held Purpose Of Bail - 2Influenced by factors such as these, the sheriff was inclined to discharge himself of responsibility for persons awaiting trial by handing them into the personal custody of their friends and relatives. Indeed, in its strict sense, the word bail is used to describe the person who agrees to act assuredly for the accused on his release from jail and becomes responsible for his later appearance in court at the time designated. As surety, the bail was liable under the law for any default in the accused's appearance. Purpose Of Bail - 3Between the 13th and 15thcenturies the sheriff's power to admit to bail was gradually vested, by a series of statutes, in the justices of the peace. In the case of a person committed for felony, the justices of the peace had the authority to require, if they thought fit, his remaining in jail until the trial took place, but, on the other hand, a person committed for a misdemeanor case could, at common law, insist on being released on bail if he found sufficient sureties. Writing in the mid-1700's, Blackstone described the arrest-bail procedure his day in the following passage: When a delinquent is arrested...he ought regularly to be carried before a justice of the peace...If upon...inquiry it manifestly appears that either no such crime was committed or that the suspicion entertained of the prisoner as wholly groundless, in such cases only it is lawful totally to discharge him. Otherwise he must be committed to prison or give bail; that is, put in his securities for his appearance to answer the charge against him. This commitment, therefore, being only for safe custody, wherever bail will answer the same intention it ought to be taken...Bail is...a delivery or bailment of a person to his sureties, upon their giving (together with himself) sufficien t security for his appearance; he being supposed to continue in their friendly custody, instead of going to goal. The notion of bail pending trial was not changed over the centuries. For instance, Mr. Justice Robert H. Jackson of the Supreme Court in discussing its purpose said, The practice of admission to bail, as it evolved in Anglo-American law, is not a device for keeping persons in jail upon mere accusation until it is found convenient to give them a trial. On the contrary, the spirit of the procedure is to enable them to stay out of jail until a trial has found them guilty. Without this conditional privilege, even those wrongfully accused are punished by a period of imprisonment while awaiting trial and are handicapped in consulting counsel, searching for evidence and witnesses, and preparing a defense, Admission to bail always involves a risk that the accused will take flight. That is a calculated risk which the law takes as the price of our system of justice The possibility that the accused might flee or hide must, of course, be squared with the traditional right to freedom pending trial. In order to reconcile these conflicting interests, therefore, his release on bail is conditioned upon his giving reasonable assurance in one form or another that he will appear at a certain time

Disclosing Medical Errors, How Soon The Patient And Family Member

Disclosing Medical Errors, How Soon The Patient And Family Member Disclosing Medical Errors, How Soon The Patient And Family Member Should Be Informed Who Should – Article Example Disclosing Medical Errors Insert Insert Disclosing medical Errors A medical error is a failure or inability of a planned course of action to be addressed as intended or using the wrong plan to accomplish the aim, but devoid of intentional or reckless actions that may harm the patients (NCC MERP, n.d). This paper discusses medical errors, who should be informed and how soon the patient and family members should be informed. Experts have highly encouraged professional disclosure of medical errors whenever they occur. Globally it is said that error is human, but it raises the question whether the clichà © covers such critical group of professionals or whether the errors that have been made so far are insignificant for other physicians to learn from them. Currently, there is no consensus on modalities and processes of reporting near misses. Patients require information on medical errors from an ethical standpoint so as to make informed decisions about subsequent treatments (Gallagher, 2 007, pp. 2713-2719). The greatest bottleneck to free disclosure of medical errors is the fear of increasing malpractice claims on the medical fraternity as well as vulnerability to medico-legal action. Disclosing such errors to patients themselves by the physicians may be perceived as the most straight forward affair in the making but is rather a challenging task. It raises fears of what one would expect in the following times (Wagner, 2012, pp. 63-69). The fear of going through such ordeal might make one feel less obliged to seek medical attention, and the "I’d rather not be told" sentiment from patients reveals less reacceptance of such errors. Many medical scholars have thus advocated for disclosure of such errors to family and not patients as this might predispose patients to sadness, anxiety, depression and trauma. The desired recuperation for patients might be delayed. Family members, therefore, encourage knowledge of what transpired, the consequences of an error on th eir health, the reasons for it happening, mitigation of such malfunctions, and the proper measures for the prevention of such errors in the future. Such reporting should also be timely as soon as such error is committed and noted as a possible point of professional malfunction by the physician. The family members are required to take the necessary course of action since they hold responsibility and reaction in trust of the patient (Garbutt, 2007, pp. 179-185).ReferencesGallagher, T. H., Studdert, D., & Levinson, W. (2007). Disclosing Harmful Medical Errors To Patients. New England Journal of Medicine, 356(26), 2713-2719. Retrieved April 24, 2014, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra070568Garbutt, J., Fraser, V., Dunagan, W. C., Hazel, E., Marcuse, E. K., Krauss, M. J., et al. (2007). Reporting and Disclosing Medical Errors: Pediatricians Attitudes and Behaviors. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 161(2), 179-185. Retrieved April 24, 2014, from http://dx.doi.org/10 .1001/archpedi.161.2.179NCC MERP About Medication Errors. (n.d.). NCC MERP About Medication Errors. Retrieved April 24, 2014, from nccmerp.org/aboutMedErrors.htmlWagner, L. M., Harkness, K., Hà ©bert, P. C., & Gallagher, T. H. (2012). NursesÊ ¼ Perceptions of Error Reporting and Disclosure in Nursing Homes. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 27(1), 63-69. Retrieved April 24, 2014, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NCQ.0b013e318232c0bc